Prediction of ship brittle fracture casualty rates by a probabilistic method

It has been proposed that grade A should be replaced with a tougher steel for ship construction. This recommendation is not supported by casualty statistics. Brittle fractures have decreased from once every 10 ship years at the time of the Liberty ships, to once every 100 ship years in the 1950s, and now stand at around once every 10,000 ship years. The authors have developed a probabilistic fracture mechanics approach indexed to the Charpy 27 Joule temperature, T_27J. This is used here to analyse the Liberty ship failures. Comparison with a databank of T_27J values for grade A steel spanning 1920 to 1995 suggests that the Liberty ship steel was unusually brittle. The probability analysis shows good agreement between predicted and observed fracture casualty rates for the Liberty ships and helps explain why brittle fractures are now uncommon in grade A steel ships.     

路面纤维混凝土韧性试验研究

为获取纤维混凝土的荷载-挠度曲线,研究纤维对纤维混凝土韧度的影响,配制8组混杂纤维混凝土试件进行韧度试验,利用独立于试验机的数据采集装置获取试件的荷载-挠度曲线,分析不同纤维种类和掺量对纤维混凝土韧度指数的影响,并研究了韧度指数同弯拉强度的关系。结果表明：钢纤维对弯拉强度的贡献较大;铣削型钢纤维与仿钢丝聚丙烯纤维的组合对韧度的贡献最大,针状钢纤维混凝土的韧度随着纤维掺量的增加而增大;韧度指数随着纤维体积率和纤维根数的增加而增加;韧度指数高的试件弯拉强度不一定大,弯拉强度为6.7MPa对应着韧度指数的最低值。     

新型正交异性钢板-STC组合桥面结构研究与应用

为综合解决钢桥面体系中正交异性钢桥面结构疲劳开裂和沥青混凝土铺装层易损两种病害问题,本文提出了新型正交异性钢板—超高韧性混凝土(STC)组合桥面结构,基于广东省肇庆市马房大桥,开展了新型正交异性钢板—STC组合桥面结构足尺模型试验。试验结果表明,STC具有良好的抗拉性能,其最大拉应变达到955με而未出现开裂,因而能够适应马房大桥上的受力状态。2011年,新型正交异性钢板—STC组合桥面结构成功应用于马房大桥第11跨,各道施工工序均方便可行,且现浇的STC层经高温蒸汽养护后,未出现任何收缩裂缝。同时,实桥检测表明,增设STC层后,桥面系的局部刚度显著提高,车载引起桥面系构件中的局部应力降低了80%—92%,将有助于提高桥面系的抗疲劳寿命。     

高速动车组新材质车轮性能研究

为提高高速铁路动车组车轮的强度、硬度,同时兼顾其韧性,进行新材质车轮的成分设计及试样制备;对试样的化学成分、拉伸性能、断面硬度、断裂韧性、淬透性进行测试,对其金相组织、微观组织和析出物进行观测,综合分析新材质车轮的性能,并与ER8车轮进行对比。结果表明:与ER8车轮相比,新材质车轮中C的质量分数相同,Mn的质量分数按常规设定,但提高Si的质量分数并添加V,使其抗拉强度提高9%,屈服强度提高12%,硬度提高15HBW,断裂韧性提高10%,断后伸长率、冲击韧性和淬透性相当;相同踏面深度下,新材质车轮珠光体团更细、珠光体片层间距更小、先共析铁素体体积分数更高;提高Si的质量分数并添加V,还使新材质车轮的微观组织结构和分布发生改变,是其具有更高的强度、硬度和断裂韧性的直接原因。     

铁路桥梁用钢冲击韧性标准研究

研究应用裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)试验和冲击韧性试验结果,建立以断裂吸收功为介质的CTOD与冲击韧性的关系。指出制订防断韧性标准的控制因素为材料满足不发生脆断的最低吸收能量、试验温度与实桥温度和列车加载速率的温度移位。研究表明,达到CTOD某临界状态所需吸收功与温度无关。指出采用韧—脆破坏准则制定韧性标准更适合桥梁工程。根据我国地区温度范围,制定出不同板厚冲击韧性检验基本标准。经过比较认为该标准在国际上居中偏严。     

粉煤灰和硅灰对高强度纤维水泥基材料力学性能影响研究

基于纤维水泥基复合材料的发展和工程应用实际,探讨不同粉煤灰和硅灰掺量对高强度纤维水泥基材料抗压强度、抗折强度以及韧性的影响。研究结果表明:粉煤灰和硅灰的掺加会显著影响高强度纤维水泥基材料的力学性能,具体优化掺量为50%的粉煤灰和15%的硅灰可以使高强度纤维水泥基材料抗折强度增强到19.5 MPa,抗压强度提高至75.2 MPa,折压比达到0.26左右,比普通纤维混凝土在抗折和抗压强度上分别提高了35%和40%,折压比也提高了6%左右,说明该优化配合比能明显增强高强度纤维水泥基材料的抗压强度、抗折强度和韧性,可为该材料的工程应用提供参考。     

Ultimate strength analysis of highly damaged plates

This work deals with the ultimate compressive strength of highly damaged plating resulting from dropping objects, grounding or collision. Extensive static nonlinear finite element analyses are conducted, where several governing parameters are considered. The effect of dent depth as well as dent size is studied. Different dent shapes are considered in order to cover different possible damage scenarios. The toughness modulus is used to measure the capacity of the plate to withstand the applied load with permanent deformation. An expression to estimate the average reduction of ultimate strength of highly damaged steel plates, subjected to compressive loading as a function of the residual breadth ratio is also developed.