时间社会学视角下老年人对家庭出行行为的影响研究

为阐述家庭微观社会情境中老年人与同住成员之间的行为交互对个体出行决策的影响，本文从时间社会学视角出发，以昆明市有老年人家庭为分析单元，用家庭贡献度量化老年人家务活动的分担程度，构建结构方程模型揭示老年人对家庭成员日常活动时间结构的影响，进而剖析成员间的活动交互影响机理.结果表明：老年人家庭贡献度增加时，成员间在非通勤活动上的交互效用减弱；由于女家长在时间结构上呈现隐形的“时间贫困”特征，其在活动-出行模式上受老年人家庭贡献度的影响显著高于男家长；与此同时，老年人作用下女家长在非通勤活动出行决策时优先考虑家务活动的时间安排，而男家长则优先考虑自由活动的安排.     

提速干线编组站出发子系统内部匹配与协调关系

分析提速干线编组站货物列车到发时刻不均衡运营特征,根据编组站作业特点和要求,运用排队论和随机过程理论,对出发子系统转场和接车可靠性、临界密集出发时间进行计算分析。认为出发子系统允许的接车延误概率应控制在0.12以内;当区间通过能力利用率在繁忙时间达0.85以上时,出发场的到发线应在10股以上。提高出发子系统转场和接车可靠性的措施包括:提高无调比、适当增加出发场到发线数量、降低编组调车机车的作业负荷、减小出发时间间隔不均衡系数。给出一定出发强度下的临界密集发车时间计算式,便于指导运输组织工作。改善出发子系统匹配与协调关系的有效途径包括:合理配置列检组数、转线接车延误率控制在10%以内、密集到发期间区段通过能力利用率不能超过90%、降低衔接区间发车时间间隔变异系数、连续高密集发车时间不能超过临界发车时间、适当增加分类线及到发线数量、优化列车运行计划、平衡双向系统作业负荷、加强管理、优化运输组织。     

Estimation of value of travel time reliability

In mode choice decision, travelers consider not only travel time but also reliability of its modes. In this paper, reliability was expressed in terms of standard deviation and maximum delay that were measured based on triangular distribution. In order to estimate value of time and value of reliability, the Multinomial and Nested Logit models were used. The analysis results revealed that reliability is an important factor affecting mode choice decisions. Elasticity is used to estimate the impacts of the different policies and system improvements for water transportation mode. Among these policies, decision maker can assess and select the best alternative by doing the benefit and cost analysis based on a new market share, the value of time, and the value of reliability. Finally, a set of promising policies and system improvement of the water transportation were proposed.     

旅游路网规划评价指标体系研究

在对旅游路网进行分析的基础上,从技术性能、社会效益、经济效益、环境效益4个方面进行研究,建立了旅游路网规划的评价指标体系,并对各项指标的含义进行探讨,分析了各指标值的确定方法,进而能方便地运用这些指标进行旅游路网规划的评价。     

悬挂式单轨车辆走行轮失效对曲线通过及运行平稳性影响的仿真分析

悬挂式单轨车辆走行轮在车辆运行中起到承载和传力的重要作用,其走行轮失效对悬挂式单轨车辆运行性能有重大影响。通过多刚体动力学理论建立悬挂式单轨车轨耦合动力学模型,仿真分析了不同工况下走行轮失效对单轨车辆曲线通过及运行平稳性的影响。仿真结果表明:空载状态下走行轮失效的悬挂式单轨车辆在曲线半径100 m的线路上限速为35 km/h,而满载状态下走行轮失效的车辆一直处于不安全状态,需要尽快行驶到就近站点疏散乘客;同侧走行轮失效对单轨车辆的影响趋势基本一致;在相同行车速度下,走行轮失效时竖向平稳性指标出现了部分数值超过3.0的情况,说明走行轮失效时车辆的运行平稳性会变差。仿真研究结果可为走行轮失效的悬挂式单轨车辆运行提供参考。     

Total cost analysis: An alternative to benefit-cost analysis in evaluating transportation alternatives

This paper explains the theory in support of total cost analysis (TCA) to compare transportation system alternatives. The full costs of each alternative are first aggregated, including travel time costs and monetizable environmental and social costs. Many costs which are considered on the benefits side of the equation in benefit-cost analysis (BCA) as "cost savings" are brought over to the costs side. Total cost differences among alternatives are then traded off against their estimated non-monetized benefits or impacts, just as a consumer trades off product quality against cost before deciding which product he or she will buy. One advantage of TCA over traditional BCA is that the concept of "total cost" is more easily understood by the public and by political decision-makers than BCA concepts such as "net present worth", "benefit-cost ratio" and "internal rate of return". A second advantage is that there is no suggestion that all "benefits" have been considered; decision-makers are free to use their own value judgements to trade off total cost against non-monetizable social, environmental and economic impacts, just as they trade off quality and convenience against cost when purchasing goods and services in their roles as consumers. The TCA approach is demonstrated in this paper through a case study of two systemwide alternatives for the Baltimore, MD urban area.     

Teleworking in the Netherlands: an evaluation of changes in travel behaviour

This article describes the first experiment on teleworking in the Netherlands, and presents the results of an analysis of the impact of teleworking on the travel behaviour of the participants in the experiment and their household members. It was concluded that teleworking has resulted in a significant decrease in the total number of trips by teleworkers (–17%). Peak-hour traffic by car has been reduced even more (–26%). An unexpected result was that the household members of the teleworkers also appeared to travel less than before the experiment.     

交通信息服务条件下的出行选择分析

首先 ,探讨了出行者的出行心理、行为以及信息之间的相互关系 ,在此基础上 ,简要分析了出行者的出行选择。其次 ,考虑在交通信息服务条件下 ,由于出行者本身以及信息方面的原因 ,出行选择可能出现过激反应、集聚反应等问题。最后 ,针对上述问题 ,提出应该加以重视的或有待进一步研究的几个问题。     

Neighborhood services,trip purpose,and tour-based travel

Communities are increasingly looking to land use planning strategies to reduce drive-alone travel. Many planning efforts aim to develop neighborhoods with higher levels of accessibility that will allow residents to shop closer to home and drive fewer miles. To better understand how accessible land use patterns relate to household travel behavior, this paper is divided into three sections. The first section describes the typical range of services available in areas with high neighborhood accessibility. It explains how trip-based travel analysis is limited because it does not consider the linked (chained) nature of most travel. The second section describes a framework that provides a more behavioral understanding of household travel. This framework highlights travel tours, the sequence of trips that begin and end at home, as the basic unit of analysis. The paper offers a typology of travel tours to account for different travel purposes; by doing so, this typology helps understand tours relative to the range of services typically offered in accessible neighborhoods. The final section empirically analyzes relationships between tour type and neighborhood access using detailed travel data from the Central Puget Sound region (Seattle, Washington). Households living in areas with higher levels of neighborhood access are found to complete more tours and make fewer stops per tour. They make more simple tours (out and back) for work and maintenance (personal, appointment, and shopping) trip purposes but there is no difference in the frequency of other types of tours. While they travel shorter distances for maintenance-type errands, a large portion of their maintenance travel is still pursued outside the neighborhood. These findings suggest that while higher levels of neighborhood access influences travel tours, it does not spur households to complete the bulk of their errands close to home.     

Introduction: Habitual travel choice

In this introduction to the special issue on habitual travel choice, we provide a brief account of the role of habit in travel behaviour, discuss more generally what habitual choice is, and briefly review the issues addressed in the solicited papers. These issues include how habitual travel behaviour should be measured, how to model the learning process that makes travel choice habitual, and how to break and replace car-use habits.