Flying with climate liability? Economic valuation of voluntary carbon offsets using forced choices

This study aims to examine how key aspects of voluntary climate action influence economic values of aviation carbon offsets using an Australian case study, where voluntary carbon offset programs for the aviation sector were active under a carbon tax between July 01, 2012 and July 17, 2014. An online survey was administered during the period using choice experiments. This rare and short-lived Australian experience is useful to gain insights into how individuals respond to the new public policy in terms of the perceived economic value of voluntary offsets for air travel. According to the estimation results, supporters of the mandatory tax policy held a welfare value of voluntary carbon offsets for their domestic flights that is three times larger than non-supporters (i.e., $AU27.83 vs. $AU9.40). It is $AU12.27 on average per ton of carbon offsets per person for domestic flights and $AU0.92 for international long-haul flights. The findings endorse that individuals seem to attach personal responsibility for carbon emissions (i.e. climate liability or carbon conscience) to frequent domestic flights, but not so much to intercontinental flights. Furthermore, reported flight frequencies by respondents did not place any significant impact on economic values of voluntary carbon offsets in both domestic and international frameworks. A coupled approach between forced choices and certainty responses was adapted, where no-choice options were retrieved, potentially improving choice experiments. Results suggest that airlines should consider simplifying their carbon offset programs to fixed levels (e.g. £3, £10, and £20 as in the case of British Airways), regardless of geographical boundaries, while governments should promote both mandatory and voluntary climate measures in tandem.     

均匀流中螺旋桨无空泡噪声数值预报方法验证分析

为了分析敞水螺旋桨噪声性能,以某一螺旋桨为研究对象,采用大涡模拟方法对其敞水水动力性能进行计算,所得结果与试验值误差较小;然后运用基于无限元方法的声学软件Actran对螺旋桨的无空泡噪声进行数值模拟,并对特征点频谱曲线、螺旋桨声压云图、声指向性与衰减特性进行分析,得到单极子噪声特性-径向声压级高于轴向声压级,并且随着距桨中心距离的增大,声压级衰减速度减小,径向与轴向声压级差距缩小;验证数值预报方法的有效性,为船桨一体噪声数值模拟提供参考.     

成桥静动载试验及分析

对某大桥进行了成桥静力和动力荷载试验及分析,通过现场静动力荷载试验,测得其各种力学指标和性能指标,并与理论计算的结果及相应规范的要求进行比较,从而对桥梁的整体性能和结构安全做出评价,以确保桥梁的主体结构处于完好的技术状态和良好的使用状态,保证桥梁投入使用后的安全运营。在对现场测试结果及理论分析结果进行综合分析、比较的基础上,对其进行总体评价,保证该桥长期稳定运营。进行的试验及分析对同类桥型具有借鉴意义。     

基于正交试验设计的模块式加筋土挡墙墙面板与筋带之间摩擦性质研究

运用正交试验设计方法,设计了模块式加筋挡土墙墙面板与筋带之间摩擦的室内足尺试验,研究竖向压应力(A)、筋带品种(B)、墙面板与筋带的砌筑方式(C)3个因素在不同水平下在峰值强度和S=19 mm时,对墙面板与筋带之间的摩擦系数的影响。通过正交试验,确定了3种因素对摩擦系数的影响顺序、各因素的显著性水平及墙面板与筋带之间连接方式的最优方案。     

模拟沥青加铺层反射裂缝扩展的MTS疲劳试验

目前国内外道路工程界对用于防止旧水泥混凝土路面沥青加铺层反射裂缝结构和材料的研究仍处于探索与试验阶段。本文采用M TS模拟水泥混凝土板沥青加铺层弯拉型和剪切型反射裂缝扩展过程,评价不同防裂材料的阻裂效果,为优选沥青加铺层结构提供依据。     

废弃路面水泥混凝土再生利用的试验研究

以现行交通行业规范为依据,通过室内实验分析了废弃水泥路面板再生集料的技术指标,并且利用再生集料重新配制了水泥混凝土.通过与普通碎石集料水泥混凝土的性能试验比较,论证了旧水泥混凝土路面板再生利用的可行性.     

汽车操纵稳定性的虚拟实验

虚拟实验是利用虚拟现实技术而进行的仿实验。本文设计了一套桌面虚拟现实系统（DesktopVR），利用该系统开发了汽车操纵稳定性虚拟实验平台，并在平台上进行了汽车双移线的虚拟实验。结果表明虚拟实验能虚拟再现实际实验的结果，与实际实验具有较好的一致性。     

山区高速公路驾驶人加减速行为建模

山区地形地质条件复杂，各类复杂的组合线形设计更为常见，例如直线与平曲线间组合或不同平曲线间组合。驾驶人在相邻组合路段行驶时会感知到线形的变化，引起驾驶行为的改变，最终车辆的纵向加速度也会随之改变。频繁的加减速行为会引起驾驶人不适，甚至形成安全隐患。目前针对相邻组合路段驾驶行为的研究中，关于加速度的研究主要基于路段特殊点进行计算。随着驾驶模拟技术的发展，高仿真驾驶模拟器为高速公路的设计评估提供了更好的数据及试验条件支撑。在高仿真驾驶模拟器中，基于湖南省永吉高速公路道路设计参数及周边地形环境参数，构建山区高速公路的三维虚拟模型，以山区高速公路中的相邻组合路段为研究对象，获取山区高速公路组合线形路段的车辆纵向加速度数据，提取加减速事件后，基于驾驶人的加减速行为，采用混合Logit模型，分别判定道路线形层和驾驶人层的影响，研究组合线形对驾驶人纵向加减速选择的具体影响变量以及变量的影响范围。研究结果表明：下游路段最大曲率、上游路段圆曲线段比例、下游路段变坡点数量、下游路段曲线数量、上游路段平均曲率和当前位置曲率等对驾驶人加减速行为有显著影响；通过对比混合Logit模型和多元Logit模型，指出驾驶人层面对模型结果的影响显著。研究结果提供了一种山区高速公路连续纵向加减速行为的建模方案，并可为研究驾驶人在复杂线形条件下的纵向加速度选择行为提供基础。     

Egg production and associated losses of carbon, nitrogen and fatty acids from maternal biomass in Calanus finmarchicus before the spring bloom

We present concurrent data on ingestion, egg production and the loss of maternal biomass in pre-spring bloom female Calanus finmarchicus incubated under conditions representative of those in situ in the North Atlantic. A balanced metabolic budget was constructed and used to examine the relative importance of ingestion and biomass for fuelling egg production during the incubations. Ingested carbon was not sufficient to meet the observed demands for egg production. More than 80% of the carbon utilised by the females was instead derived from their biomass. Fatty acid analysis demonstrated that the storage reserves, 20:1 (n−9) and 22:1 (n−11), were virtually absent before experimentation began, and therefore could not have been used to supply the carbon required for egg production during the incubations. The C:N mass-specific ratio of the biomass utilised was 4.1, suggesting that the females had instead catabolised protein in order to meet their metabolic demands. These results suggest that C. finmarchicus adopts a sacrificial reproductive strategy when food availability is low.     

黄河南海堤防潮工程护面块体选型试验研究

黄河南海堤防潮工程地处黄河三角洲,因地势平坦,缺乏石料来源,不宜采用抛石护岸及孔隙率较大的护面块体。选择混凝土平板与天龙板作为护面块体,采用水工物理模型试验进行比较研究,验证了防潮堤在不同工况的临界破碎波高作用下的护面块体稳定性。研究发现,天龙板重量较轻,消浪效果较好,整体性强,适合作为黄河南海堤防潮工程的护面块体．