Fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea (north of Spain)

The diffusive and in situ fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) have been measured and an estimation has been made of the water–atmosphere fluxes of CO₂ in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea during the spring of 1998. Each of these systems undergoes a different anthropogenic influence. The diffusive fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity obtained present values ranging between 0.54–2.65 and 0.0–2.4 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively. These ranges are in agreement with those of other coastal systems. The in situ fluxes are high and extremely variable (35–284 mmol TA m⁻² day⁻¹, 43–554 mmol DIC m⁻² day⁻¹ and 22–261 mmol dissolved oxygen (DO) m⁻² day⁻¹), because the systems studied are very heterogeneous. The values of the ratio of the in situ fluxes of TA and DIC show on average that the rate of dissolution of CaCO₃ is 0.37 times that of organic carbon oxidation. Equally, the interval of variation of the relationship between the benthic fluxes of inorganic carbon and oxygen (F_DIC/F_DO) is very wide (0.3–13.9), which demonstrates the different contributions made by the processes of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of the organic matter, as well as by the dissolution–precipitation of CaCO₃. The water–atmosphere fluxes of CO₂ present a clear dependence on the salinity. The brackish water of these systems (salinity<20), where maximum fluxes of 989 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹ have been estimated, act as a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The more saline zones of the estuary (salinity>30) act as a sink of CO₂, with fluxes between −5 and −10 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹.     

强化胎盘因子对细胞因子产生的影响

在观察了强化胎盘因子对淋巴细胞增殖试验影响的基础上,应用CTLL-2和7TD_1两种细胞株对强化胎盘因子刺激后的小鼠脾脏细胞分泌白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平分别进行了实验研究。结果表明,强化胎盘因子促进T淋巴细胞增殖,使小鼠脾脏细胞分泌IL-2和IL-6水牛均明显提高,有增强机体免疫功能的作用。     

转K2型转向架弹簧载荷识别及其对弹簧寿命影响的研究

用试验的方法得到在垂直载荷作用下弹簧45°方向应力和最大主应力之间的差异,用有限元法计算了弹簧在横向、垂向加载时的载荷识别系数。根据线路实测动应力识别出转K2型转向架弹簧在运用工况下的2种载荷。最后根据载荷计算出弹簧的应力,利用疲劳损伤模型计算出损伤,得出了2种载荷对疲劳寿命的影响。     

Organic carbon budget for the Gulf of Bothnia

We calculated input of organic carbon to the unproductive, brackish water basin of the Gulf of Bothnia from rivers, point sources and the atmosphere. We also calculated the net exchange of organic carbon between the Gulf of Bothnia and the adjacent marine system, the Baltic Proper. We compared the input with sinks for organic carbon; permanent incorporation in sediments and mineralization and subsequent evasion of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The major fluxes were riverine input (1500 Gg C year^− 1), exchange with the Baltic Proper (depending on which of several possible DOC concentration differences between the basins that was used in the calculation, the flux varied between an outflow of 466 and an input of 950 Gg C year^− 1), sediment burial (1100 Gg C year^− 1) and evasion to the atmosphere (3610 Gg C year^− 1). The largest single net flux was the emission of CO₂ to the atmosphere, mainly caused by bacterial mineralization of organic carbon. Input and output did not match in our budget which we ascribe uncertainties in the calculation of the exchange of organic carbon between the Gulf of Bothnia and the Baltic Proper, and the fact that CO₂ emission, which in our calculation represented 1 year (2002) may have been overestimated in comparison with long-term means. We conclude that net heterotrophy of the Gulf of Bothnia was due to input of organic carbon from both the catchment and from the Baltic Proper and that the future degree of net heterotrophy will be sensible to both catchment export of organic carbon and to the ongoing eutrophication of the Baltic Proper.     

Experimental ivnestigation on flow fields of viscous fluid around two-dimensional wings and comparison with computational results

To examine the flow field of a viscous fluid around the trailing edge of a wing with respect to the Kutta condition or the Joukowski hypothesis, an experimental investigation into the velocity fields around two-dimensional (2D) wings NACA0012 and NACA4412 was carried out using an X-type hot-wire anemometer in a wind tunnel and the method of colored milk injection in a circulating water channel. The results of these investigations revealed that the flow of a viscous fluid at the trailing edge of a 2D wing is tangential to the face on the pressure side, and that the flow is very slow or reversed on the suction side due to separation when the angle of attack is greater than 7.5°. By flow visualization, a Kármán vortex street was found in the wake of both wings (NACA0012 and NACA4412) when the angle of attack was 5°. These results show that the ordinary Kutta condition with respect to the direction of outflow at the trailing edge is not necessarily satisfied in a viscous fluid, but the Kutta condition with respect to the pressure at the trailing edge is satisfied as usual. Numerical results, which have been obtained as the solution of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, show good agreement with above-mentioned experimental results. Therefore, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation has proved to be very effective for studying steady viscous flow around the trailing edge of a 2D wing.     

浅议既有线CTCS2区段车站ZPW-2000A闭环电码化

本文从设计的角度,介绍了ZPW-2000A闭环电码化在既有线CTCS2区段的设计方案及其方案的完善。     

消费者网上购物的物流成本分析

物流服务水平影响着消费者网上购物的成本。本文从直接物流成本和间接物流成本两方面进行消费者网上购物物流成本分析,并指出:只有提高物流服务水平,降低消费者网上购物的物流成本,才能消除我国B2C电子商务发展的物流瓶颈,从而促进B2C电子商务的发展。     

C2H2作燃料的DF化学激光器燃烧室反应的数值分析

本文选用C2H2作为DF化学激光器燃烧室燃料,采用最小自由能法计算了C2H2-NF3体系不同配比下的燃烧温度和平衡组分,为进行这方面的实验提供了参考。     

E2地震作用下减隔振桥梁的抗震设计

以某减隔振桥梁为例,建立该桥的三维有限元模型,考虑桩-土相互作用的影响,并根据混凝土和钢筋的材料特性,选取适宜的动力弹塑性本构模型,同时模拟了弹塑性减隔振球型钢支座,并采用人工拟合的3条地震动时程曲线对该桥进行了E2地震作用下的弹塑性时程分析,验算该桥在E2地震作用下的强度及变形。经过详细的验算与分析,验证了本桥设计的安全性和可靠性,并为实际工程中的非规则桥梁在E2地震作用下的抗震验算提供参考依据。     

HX_D2B型大功率交流电力机车辅助电路设计

介绍了HXD2B型大功率交流传动电力机车辅助电路系统的构成,并对辅助电路工作原理、辅助负载运行管理及辅助电路保护系统进行了详细阐述.此系统性能可靠,目前已完成型式试验及线路运行考核,应用状况良好.