Multimodal,multiclass stochastic dynamic traffic assignment for evaluating information provision strategies

A multimodal, multiclass stochastic dynamic traffic assignment model was developed to evaluate pre‐trip and enroute travel information provision strategies. Three different information strategies were examined: user optimum [UO], system optimum [SO] and mixed optimum [MO]. These information provision strategies were analyzed based on the levels of traffic congestion and market penetration rate for the information equipment. Only two modes, bus and car, were used for evaluating and calculating the modal split ratio. Several scenarios were analyzed using day‐to‐day and within day dynamic models. From the results analyzed, it was found that when a traffic manager provides information for drivers using the UO strategy and drivers follow the provided information absolutely, the total travel time may increases over the case with no information. Such worsening occurs when drivers switch their routes and face traffic congestion on the alternative route. This phenomenon is the 'Braess Paradox'.     

试论村民自治中党的领导

要化解“村治悖论”,必须打破传统党政关系的思维定势,跳出对“党的领导”狭隘理解的误区,这样才能使农村基层民主和村民自治走上健康发展的道路,充分发挥它稳定农村社会的功效。     

破解伯川德悖论的新视角--修改前提下的古诺模型分析

通过对一般动态古诺模型的分析，指出其未解开反而加强了伯川德悖论的原因，在于其假定前提离现实经济实际太远，为此，对假定前提进行了修正：寡占厂商进入行业市场的成本递增，产品的边际成本不为零，经过数学推导，获得了以下结论：递增的进入成本限定了寡头数目；边际成本的存在使市场容量减小；寡头竞争不会轻易恢复完全竞争。     

3,6-[二甲氨基]-二苯骈碘杂六环枸橼酸盐对离体豚鼠心脏钙反常的保护作用

观察了ＩＨＣ－６５对离休豚鼠心脏钙反常的影响，结果表明：ＩＨＣ－６５可使冠脉流出液中ＣＰＫ和蛋白质漏出量比钙反常组明显减少。同时升高心肌ＣＰＫ和ＧＳＨｐｘ活性，减少ＭＤＡ的生成。说明ＩＨＣ－６５对离休豚鼠心脏钙反常有保护作用。其机制可能与抑制脂质过氧化作用有关。     

Heavy-duty trucking and the energy efficiency paradox: Evidence from focus groups and interviews

Theory suggests that profit maximizing firms have an incentive to incorporate cost-effective technologies into their products. However, simple net present value calculations comparing upfront costs of fuel-saving technologies to future savings suggest this is not always the case. This puzzle is commonly referred to as the “energy efficiency paradox.” A growing number of empirical studies examine why households may under-invest in energy efficiency. Fewer studies examine similar undervaluation by businesses. We explore investment decisions within the heavy-duty trucking sector for fuel-saving technologies via focus groups and interviews to gain insight into what factors might explain apparent underinvestment in fuel-saving technologies. We find some evidence that market failures related to lack of information about technology performance and network externalities contribute to slow adoption of some technologies. However, information about new technologies for tractors seems to generate limited spillovers. There is also some evidence of split incentives between owners and drivers, though companies have invested in a variety of technologies and approaches in an attempt to address these effects. Other factors important in trucking investment decisions that are not classic market failures include tradeoffs between fuel economy and other valued truck attributes, as well as uncertainty and risk associated with new technologies if decision-makers are loss averse.     

不同信息下的逐日路径选择行为实验与模型

为研究先进出行者信息系统(ATIS)对出行者逐日路径选择行为的影响，本文基于 Braess路网设计5组具有不同ATIS市场占有率(0、25%、50%、75%、100%)的行为实验.结果表明：3条路径的流量及新增路径保持选择的次数持续波动，随着ATIS市场占有率增大，路网平均行程时间趋于用户均衡，新增路径保持选择的次数呈现增长趋势，且被试对新增路径的选择性偏好增强，Braess悖论的效果也更明显.基于5组实验数据，分别建立普通Logit模型和基于面板数据的随机效应Logit模型刻画路径选择行为.结果表明：当ATIS市场占有率为0时，最佳模型为普通Logit模型；当ATIS市场占有率增大甚至达到100%时，最佳模型均为随机效应Logit模型；未配备ATIS的出行者的个体差异性比配备ATIS的小.     

Innovative Public Transport Oriented Policies in Seoul

The objective of this paper is to introduce the innovative transport policies of Seoul that have recently been planned and implemented. In this paper, the various transport policies of Seoul are classified and explained according to two important paradoxes that are highlighted by Downs and Thomson, and Edgeworth. These paradoxes describe how to break the vicious circle of car and public transport use by restraining car use and encouraging the use of public transport, and thus indicate how traffic congestion problems might be solved.     

不同信息下的逐日路径选择行为实验与模型

为研究先进出行者信息系统(ATIS)对出行者逐日路径选择行为的影响，本文基于 Braess路网设计5组具有不同ATIS市场占有率(0、25%、50%、75%、100%)的行为实验.结果表明：3条路径的流量及新增路径保持选择的次数持续波动，随着ATIS市场占有率增大，路网平均行程时间趋于用户均衡，新增路径保持选择的次数呈现增长趋势，且被试对新增路径的选择性偏好增强，Braess悖论的效果也更明显.基于5组实验数据，分别建立普通Logit模型和基于面板数据的随机效应Logit模型刻画路径选择行为.结果表明：当ATIS市场占有率为0时，最佳模型为普通Logit模型；当ATIS市场占有率增大甚至达到100%时，最佳模型均为随机效应Logit模型；未配备ATIS的出行者的个体差异性比配备ATIS的小.     

Effects of queue spillover in networks considering simultaneous departure time and route choices

This paper explores the effects of queue spillover in transportation networks, in the context of dynamic traffic assignment. A model of spatial queue is defined to characterize dynamic traffic flow and queuing formation in network links. Network users simultaneously choose departure time and travel route to minimize the travel cost including journey time and unpunctuality penalty. Using some necessary conditions of the dynamic user equilibrium, dynamic network flows are obtained exactly on some networks with typical structure. Various effects of queue spillover are discussed based on the results of these networks, and some new paradoxes of link capacity expansion have been found as a result of such effects. Analytical and exact results in these typical networks show that ignoring queuing length may generate biased solutions, and the link storage capacity is a very important factor concerning the performance of networks.     

ӵ����ͨ�����Braess’ �������

在拥挤交通网络中,路段阻抗不仅与本路段车流量有关,也受其它路段车流量影响.本文讨论拥挤交通网络中同时考虑本路段和其它路段流量影响时Braess’悖论的性质及在系统最优分配下新增路段的作用.利用用户平衡(UE)和系统最优(SO)条件,计算得出Braess’悖论发生时交通需求具体范围及SO分配下新增路段有意义的交通需求具体范围,研究其它路段车流量对悖论产生概率影响及对SO分配下新增路段是否起作用的影响,讨论其它路段对UE分配和SO分配网络总阻抗差距的影响.结果表明,悖论发生概率,SO分配下新增路段起作用的概率及两种交通分配网络总阻抗的差距都受其它路段不同程度的影响,这为城市交通网络规划拓宽了思路.