基于驾驶行为和视觉特性的长大隧道突起路标作用效果评估

突起路标（RPMs）是高速公路隧道内常见的交通安全设施，对预防和减少交通事故具有重要作用。针对高速公路长大隧道RPMs作用效果，从驾驶人角度出发，基于驾驶模拟试验测试，分析RPMs对驾驶人的影响，实现以微观驾驶行为和眼动数据为基础的高速公路长大隧道RPMs作用效果评估。设计2种RPMs方案（RPMs-B：设置在隧道检修道和车道边缘线；RPMs-C：设置在车道分界线和边缘线）与未设置RPMs（RPMs-A）的隧道形成对比；招募32名持照驾驶人，获取细粒度驾驶行为及眼动数据，选择平均速度、加速度、横向偏移等7项指标构建评价指标体系；利用重复测量方差分析方法，探究各项指标的显著性及效应量水平，进而采用基于熵权法的模糊综合评价模型，对比3种RPMs方案的作用效果。研究结果表明：RPMs对驾驶行为及心理、生理具有较显著的作用，具备不同程度的现实意义；驾驶人心理、生理负荷程度降低，焦虑情绪得到缓解，驾驶舒适性良好；速度调控能力增强，对车辆横向位置感知及操纵水平上升，车辆行驶更加平稳；在隧道曲线段RPMs使得平均速度明显增加，增加了事故风险；模糊综合评估结果显示在隧道全程、曲线段和中间段，RPMs-C均为最优方案，即RPMs设置在车道分界线及两侧边缘线位置。研究结果为隧道安全设施的评估及优化问题提供了解决方案，也为进一步形成隧道安全设施设置指南奠定了基础。

Evaluation of the Effect of RPMs in Extra-long Tunnels Based on Driving Behavior and Visual Characteristics

Raised pavement markers (RPMs) are common traffic safety facilities in freeway tunnels, which play an important role in preventing and reducing traffic accidents. A driving simulator experiment was conducted to analyze the impact of RPMs from the driver's perspective to study the effect of RPMs on freeway extra-long tunnels on the drivers. The effect of RPMs in freeway extra-long tunnels was also evaluated based on micro driving behavior data and eye movement data. Two RPMs alternatives (RPMs-B:RPMs installed on the edge line and the maintaining roadway; RPMs-C:RPMs installed on the lane and edge lines) were designed, and their performance was compared with a tunnel without RPMs (RPMs-A). Thirty-two licensed drivers were recruited to gather fine-grained data on driving behavior and eye movement. Seven measurement indicators, such as average speed, acceleration and lateral position, were selected to build the evaluation indicator system, and repeated-measures ANOVA was used to explore the significance level and effect size of each indicator. Finally, the effects of the three RPM alternatives were compared using a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model based on the entropy weight method. The results show that RPMs significantly affect the driver's behavior, psychology, and physiology, and have different degrees of practical significance. The psychological and physiological load on the driver is reduced, anxiety is relieved, and subjective comfort is found to be good. The speed control ability is enhanced, the perception and control level of the vehicle's lateral position are increased. Further, the vehicle driving is found to be comparatively more stable. However, RPMs in the curved section of the tunnel significantly increased the average speed and risk of accidents. The results of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation show that RPMs-C is the best alternative for the entire tunnel and the curved and middle sections; i.e., RPMs are the best alternative to lane boundaries and edge lines along both sides of the tunnel. The results of this study provide a solution for the evaluation and optimization of tunnel safety facilities and lay a foundation for the formation of tunnel safety facilities to set safety guidelines.