Life cycle model of alternative fuel vehicles: emissions,energy, and cost trade-offs |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Berne, Switzerland;2. Technology and Policy Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA;1. Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen''s University, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, Canada;2. Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China;3. School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China;4. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada;5. United Nation Environment-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China;6. Research Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China;1. College of Economics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;2. Institute of Resources, Environment and Sustainable Development Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China;3. Guangdong Power Grid Corporation, Guangzhou 510080, China;1. Department of Industrial Engineering, Istanbul Sehir University, Istanbul 34662, Turkey;2. Walton Sustainability Solutions Initiatives, The Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;3. Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China;2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 80 East Zhongguancun Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China;3. China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co, Ltd, No. 68 East Xianfeng Road, Dongli District, Tianjin, 300300, China;4. Sustainable Process Technologies Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK |
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| Abstract: | This paper describes a life cycle model for performing level-playing field comparisons of the emissions, costs, and energy efficiency trade-offs of alternative fuel vehicles (AFV) through the fuel production chain and over a vehicle lifetime. The model is an improvement over previous models because it includes the full life cycle of the fuels and vehicles, free of the distorting effects of taxes or differential incentives. This spreadsheet model permits rapid analyses of scenarios in plots of trade-off curves or efficiency frontiers, for a wide range of alternatives with current and future prices and levels of technology. The model is available on request.The analyses indicate that reformulated gasoline (RFG) currently has the best overall performance for its low cost, and should be the priority alternative fuel for polluted regions. Liquid fuels based on natural gas, M100 or M85, may be the next option by providing good overall performance at low cost and easy compatibility with mainstream fuel distribution systems. Longer term, electric drive vehicles using liquid hydrocarbons in fuel cells may offer large emissions and energy savings at a competitive cost. Natural gas and battery electric vehicles may prove economically feasible at reducing emissions and petroleum consumption in niches determined by the unique characteristics of those systems. |
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