Connecting e-hailing to mass transit platform: Analysis of relative spatial position |
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Institution: | 1. Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Kardeljeva ploscad 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;2. Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;3. H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 765 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;1. NEREUS – IPE/USP, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 908, FEA2, sala C122, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-010, Brazil;2. 99 Tecnologia Ltda., R. Sansão Alves dos Santos, 400, Brooklin Paulista, São Paulo, SP 04571-090, Brazil;3. TTC – Engenharia de Tráfego e de Transportes, R. Marcondes de Andrade, 262, Ipiranga, São Paulo, SP 04265-040, Brazil;4. Escola Politécnica da USP, Av. Prof. Almeida Prado, trav. 2, 271, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil |
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Abstract: | This paper analyzes and compares two different relative spatial position (RSP) designs in an integrated e-hailing/fixed-route transit system: a zone-based design that operates e-hailing vehicles within a zone, and a line-based design that operates e-hailing vehicles along a fixed-route transit line and with a stable headway. To conduct a meaningful comparison, the optimal design problems for both systems are formulated using a same analytical framework based on the continuous approximation approach. A comprehensive numerical experiment is performed to compare various cost components corresponding to the optimal designs, and a discrete-event simulation model is developed to validate the analysis. The analytical and simulation results agree with each other well, with a discrepancy in the total system cost less than 5% in most test scenarios. These results also suggest that the line-based system consistently outperforms the zone-based system in terms of both agency and user costs, for all scenarios tested. Compared to the zone-based design, the line-based design features a sparser fixed-route network (resulting in larger stop spacing) but a higher dispatching frequency. It is concluded that the higher efficiency of the line-based design is likely derived from the strategy of operating e-hailing vehicles with a more regular route/headway structure and allowing ride-sharing. |
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Keywords: | E-hailing service Fixed-route service Relative spatial position Continuous approximation Discrete-event simulation |
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