中国TBM施工技术进展、挑战及对策

总结我国近30年来TBM设计与施工技术的发展历程,可归纳为以下5个阶段:1)研发探索和试用阶段;2)以国外施工承包商为主体,采用国外设计制造TBM施工我国隧道工程阶段;3)独立进行TBM招标采购和选型设计,并建立起自主的TBM施工队伍阶段;4)与国外厂家联合设计制造TBM,工程应用和自主施工快速发展阶段;5)实现TBM国产化,面向国内外TBM工程市场自主施工阶段。通过我国不同时期TBM施工的典型工程,介绍我国在复杂地质、大坡度、高海拔、不同直径、不同机型、超长隧洞TBM施工方面取得的经验、技术积累和业绩,展示我国TBM在穿越断层破碎带、软弱变形、岩爆、涌水等不良地质洞段取得的一系列施工新技术,以及最高月进尺1 868 m、平均月进尺超过600 m和掘进作业利用率超过40%的掘进技术水平。分析TBM在极硬岩、大断层破碎带、软弱大变形围岩、强岩爆围岩、涌水突泥洞段、高地热隧洞和超长隧洞工程中施工面临的风险和挑战,并提出一些相应的技术措施和对策,期望这些措施和对策在未来大量实际工程中进一步得到实践验证、优化和改进,不断积累和创新TBM设计与施工新技术。

Progresses,Challenges and Countermeasures for TBM Construction Technology in China

The design and construction technology of TBM in China over past 30 years can be summarized as the following 5 phases: 1) The exploration and trial phase; 2) Taking the foreign construction contractors as the main body and using TBMs designed and manufactured by foreign manufacturer phase; 3) Independent TBM bidding purchasing and selection design and establishing China own TBM construction teams phase; 4) TBM co designing and manufacturing with foreign manufacturers and engineering application and independent construction booming phase; 5) TBM home manufacturing and constructing tunnel works in China and abroad independently phase. The experiences, technologies and achievements of TBM tunnel works of some typical tunnel works in different times under conditions of complex geology, large slope, high altitude, different diameters, different types, and super long distance are introduced; a series of new TBM construction technologies in bad geology, i. e. fault fracture zone, soft and weak rocks deformation, rockburst and water gushing, are presented; and the technological levels, i. e. the maximum tunneling footage of 1 868 m per month, average tunneling footage exceeded 600 m per month and the tunnel operation utilization higher than 40%, have been achieved. Furthermore, the risks and challenges of TBM construction in dead hard rock, large fault fracture zone, large deformation soft rock, strong rockburst rock, water gushing and mud outburst tunnel section, high geothermal tunnel section and extra long tunnel are analyzed, and several corresponding countermeasures which should be verified, optimized and improved are put forward.