Natural variability in exposure to fine particles and their trace elements during typical workdays in an urban area |
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| Institution: | 1. Federal University of Technology – Parana, Av. Dos Pioneiros, 3131, Londrina, PR 86036-370, Brazil;2. State University of Londrina, Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445, km 380, Londrina, PR 86051-990, Brazil;3. State University of Maringa, Av. Colombo, 5790 – Vila Esperança, Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil;4. Section of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Health Science Centre, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil;5. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;6. Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom;7. Visiting Research at Lund University, Lund, Sweden;1. School of Architecture, Building, and Civil Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom;2. Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom;1. Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, TR-26470 Eskisehir, Turkey;2. TEI, Eskisehir, Turkey;1. School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;2. MOE Key Laboratory for Urban Transportation Complex Systems Theory and Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China;1. School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China;2. California PATH, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94804, USA |
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| Abstract: | Studies on the natural human exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and their elements composition are practically non-existent in South America. In order to understand the natural exposure of the typical Brazilian population to PM2.5 and their trace element composition, we measured PM2.5 concentrations and collected mass on filters for nine continuous hours during a typical workday of volunteers. In addition, bus routes were performed at peak and non-peak periods, mimicking the routine activity of the population. Mean concentrations of PM2.5 in the bus and car groups were similar while the fraction of BCe was higher for the bus group. For all routes, mean PM2.5 concentrations were higher during peak than non-peak hours, with an average of 43.5 ± 33.1 μg m−3 and 14.3 ± 10.2 μg m−3, respectively. The trace elements S, K and Na originated mainly from vehicle emissions; Na was associated with the presence of biofuel in diesel. Toxic elements (Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn) were found at low levels as evident by the total hazard index that ranged from 2.15 × 10−03 to 1.38 for volunteers. For all routes, the hazard index ranged from 2.25 × 10−03 to 5.03. Average PM2.5 respiratory deposition dose was estimated to be 0.60 μg/kg-hour for peak hours. Potential health damages to people during their movements and at workplaces close to the traffic were identified. Improvements in the design of the building to reduce the entrance of air pollutants as well as the use of filters in the buses could help to limit population exposure. |
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| Keywords: | Fine particulate matter Personal exposure Black carbon Trace metals Urban routes |
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