Is in-cabin exposure to carbon monoxide and fine particulate matter amplified by the vehicle’s self-pollution potential? Quantifying the rate of exhaust intrusion |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada;1. Silesian University of Technology, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Department of Air Protection, 22B Konarskiego St., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland;2. Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Skłodowska-Curie St., 41-819, Zabrze, Poland;1. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1593, USA;3. Institute of Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA;1. Laboratory of Applied Thermodynamics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Administration Building, University Campus, PO Box 458, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;2. National Institute for Health and Welfare THL, PO Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland;3. Municipality of Thessaloniki, Department of Environment, Paparrigopoulou 7, GR-54630 Thessaloniki, Greece;1. Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA;2. CDC/NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45213, USA;1. Department of Natural Resources, TERI University, New Delhi 110070, India;2. Department of Energy and Environment, TERI University, New Delhi 110070, India |
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| Abstract: | In-cabin exposure has increased in recent years due to longer commute and/or prolonged times in cars. The intrusion of the vehicle’s own exhaust into the passenger’s compartment has been recognized as a process that amplifies in-cabin passenger exposure. Quantifying its contribution is hampered by uncertainties associated with its measurement method such as trace tests and the lack of data regarding certain critical physical parameters, particularly those pertaining to air exchange rate (AER) and particulate matter deposition rate (DR). In this study, we present a hybrid methodology combining field measurements with a single-zone mass balance to estimate these parameters as well as the source term that represents vehicle self-pollution. In- and out-vehicle carbon monoxide (CO) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were monitored concurrently in test vehicles under idle and moving conditions using several common ventilation modes. In addition to defining a hybrid methodology to characterize the underlying physical parameters, this study found that vehicle self-pollution can account for approximately 15 and 30% of CO and PM2.5 exposure experienced by vehicle occupants respectively. Vehicle self-exhaust intrusion may constitute a significant PM exposure route for vehicle-based occupations or commuters with prolonged time in vehicles. |
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| Keywords: | In-cabin exposure Air exchange rate Vehicle self-pollution potential |
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