Granger-causality between transportation and GDP: A panel data approach |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Economics, Dokuz Eylül University, 35160 Izmir, Turkey;2. Department of Economics, Izmir University of Economics, 35330 Izmir, Turkey;1. Port Research Division, Korea Maritime Institute, 26, Haeyang-Ro 301Beon-Gil, Yeongdo-Gu, Busan 49111, South Korea;2. Graduate School of Energy & Environment, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongreung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01811, South Korea;1. School of Management, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 80 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China;2. Business School, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610064, China;3. School of International Trade and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, No. 10 Huixin East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China;4. School of Information Management, Central China Normal University, No. 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China;5. Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 55 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China;1. Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, Gent B9000, Belgium;2. School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Menzies Building, S527, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia |
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| Abstract: | This paper investigates the Granger-causality relationship between income and transportation of EU-15 countries using a panel data set covering the period 1970–2008. In the study, inland freight transportation per capita in ton-km (TRP), inland passenger transportation per capita in passenger-km (PAS), and road sector gasoline fuel consumption per capita in kg of oil equivalent (GAS) are used as transportation proxies and GDP per capita is used as measure of income. Our findings indicate that the dominant type of Granger-causality is bidirectional. Instances of one-way or no Granger-causality were found to correspond with countries with the lowest income per capita ranks in 1970 and/or in 2008. Although we conclude that there is an endogenous relationship between income and transportation, this is not observed until after an economy has completed its transition in terms of economic development. |
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| Keywords: | Granger-causality Transportation Income |
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