Shifting from car to active transport: A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions |
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| Affiliation: | 1. VU University Amsterdam, Department of Health Sciences and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;3. Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, School of Sports and Nutrition, Dokter Meurerlaan 8, 1067 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands;4. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;5. Technical University Eindhoven, Department Architectural Design & Engineering, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;1. Centre for Research Excellence in Obesity Policy and Food Systems, c/- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia;2. Deakin Health Economics, Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia;1. Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, Level 6, The Hub, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;2. Health Promotion Service, Sydney Local Health District, Level 9, King Georg V Building, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia;1. Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, Level 6, The Hub UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY, NSW 2006, Australia;2. Health Promotion Service, Sydney Local Health District, Level 9, King Georg V Building, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Rd, CAMPERDOWN, NSW 2050, Australia;3. Cardno, Professional Infrastructure and Environmental Service, PO Box 447, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia;1. Department of Social Sciences, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Germany;2. Department of Psychology and Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, Bielefeld University, Germany;1. MRC Epidemiology Unit and UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 285, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom;2. Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Technology, Policy & Management, Department of Transport & Logistics, Jaffalaan 5, 2628 BX Delft, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionA promising way to stimulate physical activity is to promote the choice for active modes of transport (walking and cycling). Over the past years, several interventions and policies have been implemented to stimulate this mode shift. However, information concerning the effectiveness of these interventions and policies is still limited. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the effectiveness of interventions designed to stimulate a shift from car use to cycling or walking and to obtain insight into the intervention tools that have been used to promote and/or implement these interventions.MethodsFive databases were searched and articles published in English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish were included. Only studies that focussed on a mode shift from car use towards active transport in a general adult population, which were published in peer reviewed journals and which investigated effectiveness were included. Intervention tools used were categorized by using the model of Hoogerwerf & Herweijer, as either legal, economic (subsidy, reward system, penalty), communicative (written materials, behavioural tools) and physical tools (providing bicycles, providing better bicycle facilities at work, adjustment of the environment).ResultsNineteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Studies included described work-place-based interventions, architectural and urbanistic adjustments, population-wide interventions, and bicycle-renting systems. Nearly all studies (except three) showed positive effects concerning a mode shift. Most of the included studies used more than one intervention tool and the tools used differed between types of interventions. However, information about the statistical significance of these results was often lacking and the study methodologies used were not of high quality.ConclusionNearly all studies showed results in a positive direction. However, the quality of the included studies was mostly low and intervention characteristics were poorly described. |
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| Keywords: | Systematic review Policy Intervention Effectiveness Mode shift Active transport |
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