德国有轨电车建设运营特征分析及启示

有轨电车在我国正处于稳步发展的阶段，积极借鉴国外的建设运营经验，对有轨电车在我国的可持续发 展具有重要意义，而拥有世界上最大规模有轨电车线网的德国可为我国提供丰富的案例借鉴与参考。从服务范 围、建设运营中执行的规范、线路特征 3 个方面，分析德国有轨电车的技术特点。选取布伦瑞克、汉诺威、慕 尼黑 3 座城市的有轨电车作为研究案例，分析德国小城市、中等规模城市和大城市有轨电车的建设运营特征，不 同规模城市的有轨电车在功能定位、线路敷设方式、旅行速度、平均站间距、客流强度、乘客平均乘距等指标上 存在明显差异。最后，结合案例分析，从功能定位、线路建设标准、运营交路设置、换乘接驳规划、换乘站建设 标准等方面，阐述对我国有轨电车发展的启示。

Analysis of Tram Construction and Operation Characteristics in Gemany and Takeaways

In recent years, trams have been in a stage of steady development in China. To realize the sustainable development of trams in China, it is important to actively learn from the mature construction and operation experience of foreign countries. Germany, which has the largest tram network in the world, provides rich cases and references for China. First, the study analyzed the technical characteristics of trams in Germany from the service scope, code used by building and operating, and line characteristics. Subsequently, trams in Brunswick, Hanover, and Munich were selected to analyze the construction and operation characteristics of trams in small, medium-sized, and large cities in Germany. There were differences in the function, form of lines, travel speeds, average station spacing, passenger flow intensities, and travel width of trams in cities of different sizes. Finally, this paper summarizes the takeaways which are beneficial to the development of trams in China from the aspects of functions, standards of construction, setting of operational lines, transfer, and construction of standard hub stations.