基于因子模型的高速公路特长隧道驾驶人心理负荷特性研究

为研究驾驶人行驶通过特长隧道环境中的心理负荷变化特性，选取2座典型特长隧道进行实车试验，采集驾驶人实时心电信号，以心率和心率变异性指标分析为基础，通过数据挖掘构建了基于因子分析的心理负荷计算模型，采用心率变异性频域分析结果对模型进行验证。研究结果表明：心率变异性指标在计算心理负荷时比心率指标具有更高的效度和信度，驾驶人在距离隧道入口较远处和距离隧道出口较近时负荷较大；在隧道路段和普通高速路段，熟悉试验道路的驾驶人平均心理负荷小于不熟悉试验道路的驾驶人；被试在隧道路段的平均心理负荷大小依次为入口段、出口段、行车段，熟练驾驶人心理负荷在特长隧道入口前300 m至前180 m范围受到的影响最为明显；非熟练驾驶人心理负荷在入口前300 m至入口后240 m范围受到的影响最为明显。上述结果说明：在隧道出、入口段，尤其是入口段驾驶人负荷过高，也是造成事故数量多的主要原因之一；熟悉道路条件可在一定程度上降低驾驶人心理负荷；普通高速路段虽然行车环境较好，但运行车速过高也会造成驾驶人负荷增加。熟练驾驶人心理负荷在隧道入口前升高，而非熟练驾驶人心理负荷在进入隧道后仍保持较高水平。

Research on Characteristics of Drivers' Mental Workload in Extra-long Expressway Tunnels Based on the Factor Model

To investigate the characteristics of drivers' mental workload while driving through an extra-long tunnel on the highway, real-vehicle tests were conducted in two typical extra-long tunnels. The real-time electrocardiograms of drivers were collected. Based on the analyses of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), a psychological workload calculation model based on factor analysis was constructed by data mining. The model was verified using the heart rate variability frequency domain analysis. The results show that HRV has higher reliability and validity than HR when calculating the workload. Drivers have large mental workloads at a certain distance from the entrance of the tunnel, and this workload is relatively higher when it is close to the exit of the tunnel. The skilled drivers' average mental workloads are less than those of unskilled drivers both in the tunnel section and on the open road. The relationship of the average mental workload of participants in different tunnel sections is shown below:the workload in entrance section > exit section > driving section. The mental loads of skilled drivers are most obviously affected in the range of 300 m to 180 m before the entrance of the extra-long tunnel, and that of unskilled drivers is most obviously affected in the range of 300 m before the entrance to 240 m after the entrance. These results indicate that drivers' workloads are too high in the tunnel entrance and exit section. This may be one of the primary reasons why there are so many accidents occurring in these two sections. Moreover, the more familiar with the road environment, the less the mental workload that drivers may bear. Lastly, although the driving environment of the open road is better than that of a tunnel, a higher vehicle speed may also cause a higher mental workload when driving on the open road. The mental loads of skilled drivers increase before the tunnel entrance, while that of unskilled drivers remain high after entering the tunnel.