Tradeoffs in incremental changes towards pedestrian-friendly environments: Physical activity and pollution exposure |
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| Authors: | Audrey de Nazelle Daniel A Rodríguez |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria;2. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria;3. Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland;4. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria;5. Synlab Academy, Synlab Services LLC, Mannheim, Germany;6. Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruperto Carola University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany;7. Hypertension Unit, Internal Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy;8. Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany;10. Bad Gleichenberg Clinic, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria;1. Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, 14 Prince''s Gardens, South Kensington, London SW7 1NA, United Kingdom;2. Grantham Institute, Climate Change and the Environment, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | A microsimulation of individuals’ activities is used in the context of a risk analysis framework to assess the impacts of hypothesized changes to the built environment on personal energy expenditure and on inhalation of air pollutants. Uncertainty is assessed using Monte Carlo simulations and sensitivity analyzes. We find both simulated individuals that augment and others that reduce their energy expenditure and inhalation dose of pollutants, with median increases displaying larger magnitudes than the decreases. Up to 75% of the population has significant increases in energy expenditure and pollutant inhalation. We also find, however, high uncertainty associated with the estimates. Results differ considerably depending on the travel mode choice model used in the simulation. |
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