Strategic planning applied to shipping and ports |
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| Authors: | Ernst G. Frankel |
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| Affiliation: | a Department of Ocean Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA |
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| Abstract: | Changing economic, trade, technological and environmental conditions today affect shipping and ports more than ever before. As a result, it has become essential for them to maintain and update strategic decisions and objectives more and more frequently. Concepts and approaches found effective in strategic planning are presented and their applications to shipping and ports are reviewed. |
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