总统制与议会制:民主巩固的体制视角

x本文主要研究新兴民主化国家的两种政府体制。文章分三部分：第一，总统制和议会制的内在特性及其缘起；第二，概述20世纪90年代西方政治学界关于总统制和议会制研究成果，主要介绍两位学者的观点；第三，笔者认为总统制和议会制并无本质上的区别，民主巩固过程中之所以出现民主回潮的现象，其根本原因不在于政府体制的选择问题，而是因为各个国家都不同程度地存在着排斥民主体制的社会、历史、文化和传统习惯等因素，这些因素恰恰是民主政府体制赖以存活的土壤。在这一部分，笔者重点分析政治文化与政府体制的相关性。

Presidentialism and Parliamentary System:A Democratic Consolidation Perspective

This paper focuses upon the two governmental systems in new democratic countries. The paper falls into three parts. In the first part, the characteristics and origin of presidentialism and parliamentary system are explored. Following that, the paper discusses the dispute between two western political scientists over the two kinds of governmental regimes. In the last section, this paper indicates that there is no fundamental differences between the two systems; the real reasons for the setbacks of democracy in new democratic countries lie not in the choice of system, but in the cultural factors that reject democracy.