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概括地回顾了一些关于离线(或脱机)交通信号灯优化设计的方法.其中包括用于在孤立交叉口的单点和区域性的联动控制系统.离线方法在设计时一般利用已有调查出来的交通数据作为固定的输入资料，这个跟实时设计方法所要求的从感应器即时检浏出来的情况作为设计依据是有本质上的区别.但一般沿用的信号配时设计方法都需要依靠已刻在行车线道上(允许通行)的方向指示标志为设计基础，但这个方向指示在确定后在整个优化过程中是维持不变的，这就限制了交通流量在线道上的分布，从而大大减低配时的灵活性，在这样情况下优化出来的结果肯定不会是最好的.直至近期，以行车线道为基本单位的配时设计方法(英文名称为Lane-based method;中文可称为线道法)发展起来.这个方法是由传统的Phase-based method(相位法)所演变出来的.线道法不但包含所有相位法的特点，而且更能为原本受约束的线道和配时设计进行全面优化.线道法可在单点交叉口和区域性的联动控制系统上应用.文末提出一些未来研究发展的新方向.

Optimization Methods for off-line Traffic Signal Settings:Recent Advances and Prospective Future Research

This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the historical development of the design optimization methods for off-line traffic signal settings in both isolated junctions and linked signal systems. Off-line methods usually take on historical traffic data as fixed inputs for designs,and are quite different from on-line methods, which utilize dynamic traffic information that is collected from real-time detectors. Conventional approaches to the design of traffic signal setting include the stage-based and group-based (or phase-based) methods, which require the lane marking patterns (road markings on traffic lanes that show the allowable turning directions) as exogenous inputs that are then excluded from the design optimization framework. This limitation has long existed, not only in the design of isolated signal-controlled junctions, but also in the design of linked signal systems in road networks. More recently, the lane-based optimization method was developed as an extended enhancement of the group-based method, in which lane markings are introduced and relaxed as control variables and are optimized together with the traffic signal settings for the design of isolated signal-controlled junctions and linked signal systems. Prospective future research will also be discussed.