Socially optimal electric driving range of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Civil and Coastal Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States;2. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Knoxville, TN 37932, United States;1. Sun Yat-sen University, School of Engineering, China;2. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Transport and Mobility Laboratory, Switzerland;1. School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China;2. School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, PR China;3. School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, PR China;1. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States;2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, United States;1. Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile Edile e Ambientale (DICEA), Via Claudio, 21, 80125 Napoli (NA), Italy;2. Directorate for Energy Transport and Climate, European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Via E. Fermi, 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy |
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| Abstract: | This study determines the optimal electric driving range of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) that minimizes the daily cost borne by the society when using this technology. An optimization framework is developed and applied to datasets representing the US market. Results indicate that the optimal range is 16 miles with an average social cost of $3.19 per day when exclusively charging at home, compared to $3.27 per day of driving a conventional vehicle. The optimal range is found to be sensitive to the cost of battery packs and the price of gasoline. When workplace charging is available, the optimal electric driving range surprisingly increases from 16 to 22 miles, as larger batteries would allow drivers to better take advantage of the charging opportunities to achieve longer electrified travel distances, yielding social cost savings. If workplace charging is available, the optimal density is to deploy a workplace charger for every 3.66 vehicles. Moreover, the diversification of the battery size, i.e., introducing a pair and triple of electric driving ranges to the market, could further decrease the average societal cost per PHEV by 7.45% and 11.5% respectively. |
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| Keywords: | Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) Optimal all-electric driving range Minimum social cost Recharging opportunities |
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