地铁地下车站室外消火栓系统设计理念探讨

为设计出高性价比的地下车站室外消火栓系统，在认真研读《消防给水及消火栓系统技术规范》等相关规范及文献的基础上，提出新的室外消火栓分类方法，即供水类室外消火栓和救援类室外消火栓。根据对规范中“灭火救援要求”的理解，提出： 1）应保证提供满足消防需要的室外消火栓设计流量； 2）应保证及时将室外消火栓设计流量供应到火灾现场； 3）应保证消防队员及时赶到火灾现场的条件。通过分析建筑物消防水量取值的前因后果、水量组成及作用，根据对地下车站室外消火栓设计水量取值的理解，提出： 原则上应按《消防给水及消火栓系统技术规范》要求确定，但对条件特别困难的单水源地下车站可以适当减少，但不得小于20 L/s。同时，为满足“灭火救援要求”，对各种消防设施设计提出新的要求： 1）对可以不设置储存室外消防用水水池的单水源地下车站，其储存室内消火栓设计水量的消防水池应按室外消防水池标准设计； 2）对于单路供水的地下车站，2个水泵接合器均必须设计在消防水池15~40 m范围，且一定要考虑消防车停放及操作空间,注意水泵接合器数量不得随便增加，同时，在水泵接合器附近应设计必要的供水类室外消火栓，不能跨主干道共用室外消火栓及具有相同功能的室外消防水池，同样，水泵接合器和对应的供水类室外消火栓或消防水池也不能跨主干道设计； 3）建议在每个出入口5~40 m范围设置救援类室外消火栓。

Design Technology of Outdoor Fire Hydrant Systemsin Underground Metro Stations

An underground metro station needs a high performance outdoor fire hydrant system. As a result, the Technical Code for Fire Protection Water Supply and Hydrant Systems(hereinafter referred to as the specification) is thoroughly examined. A new classification method for outdoor fire hydrants, water supply types, and rescue types is proposed. Some new understandings about the firefighting and rescue requirements in the specification are put forward as follows: (1) the design flow of an outdoor fire hydrant should be guaranteed; (2) the design flow of an outdoor fire hydrant should be supplied to the fire site on time; and (3) the conditions for firefighters should be provided. The antecedents and consequences of the building′s firewater volume, water composition, and function are analyzed. On this basis, a new understanding of the design water volume of an outdoor fire hydrant in an underground station has advanced, that is, it should be determined in principle following the specification, but can be reduced to at least 20 L/s for a single water source underground stations with particularly difficult conditions. Meanwhile, to meet the firefighting and rescue requirements, new requirements have been put forward for the design innovation of various firefighting facilities, including: (1) For single water source underground stations that cannot be equipped with outdoor firefighting water tanks, the firefighting water tanks should be designed according to the standards for outdoor firefighting water tanks. (2) For underground stations with a single water supply, the two water pump adapters must be designed within 15~40 m of the fire tank, and the parking and operation space of fire engines must be considered. The number of water pump adapters should be strictly controlled. Meanwhile, the water pump adapter and necessary outdoor fire hydrants for the water supply should be installed. Outdoor fire hydrants and outdoor fire tanks serving the same function should not be shared across the main road. Similarly, water pump adapters and corresponding outdoor fire hydrants or fire tanks for water supply should not be designed across the main road. (3) It is recommended to set rescue outdoor fire hydrants within 5~40 m of each entrance and exit.