高速公路互通立交安全性评价研究综述

高速公路互通立交区道路、交通和行车环境条件的复杂程度远高于基本路段，是制约高速公路运行安全和通行效率的瓶颈路段。互通立交安全性评价研究虽取得了一系列成果，但离实际应用仍有一定差距，有必要对其研究现状进行回顾、总结与展望。为此，针对互通立交安全性评价研究进行系统梳理和总体框架搭建，将其具体分为人因工程理论、交通冲突理论、运行速度协调理论三大理论，事故统计法和层次分析法两大方法，并对其进行综合评述。研究结果表明：人因工程理论适用于主线和匝道的安全性评价，能更准确排查行车安全隐患点、段，但应考虑车辆类型和合理的试验样本量，提高评测指标的稳定性；交通冲突理论适用于主线上存在明显交通冲突区域的安全性评价，但未考虑道路条件对安全性的影响，且应进一步完善交通冲突评价指标体系、划分阈值以及分、合流形式的研究；运行速度协调理论较为成熟，已应用于高速公路基本路段的安全性评价，但主线和匝道的运行速度段落划分和预测模型精度均有待进一步提高；事故统计法的结论客观可靠，但事故数据统计和共享难度大，层次分析法可确定安全性评价的重点内容和关键影响因素，但评价结果主观性较强，2种方法的适用性均存在较大限制。未来研究应针对主线和匝道两大区域系统展开，评价对象应包括分流影响区、合流影响区和衔接过渡区三大路段，建议聚焦人因工程开展深入研究，以最小的代价创建符合人机功效学的互通立交安全运行环境条件。

Review of Safety Evaluation of Freeway Interchange

The infrastructure, traffic, and driving environment at interchanges are considerably more complicated than those in basic freeway segments; interchanges are the bottleneck segments of freeways in terms of safety and efficiency. Although there has been a series of achievements in terms of safety evaluation of interchanges, issues remain between theoretical systems and practical applications. It is necessary to review the current literatures to lay the foundation for future research. This paper summarizes the framework of all researches on interchange safety evaluation. The evaluation works are based on three theories-ergonomic theory, traffic conflict theory, and consistent operating speed theory. The main evaluation methods are the crash statistical method and analytic hierarchy process method. For evaluation of the theory, ergonomic theory can be widely used to evaluate the safety of the mainline and the ramp. This accurately detects risky sites and segments; however, the tested vehicle types and sample sizes should be determined to improve the validity of the index results. Traffic conflict theory is applicable for assessing the mainline areas with obvious traffic conflicts, but the impact of road conditions on safety is not considered. The evaluation index and the corresponding thresholds under more forms of diverging and merging should be studied, respectively. Consistent operating speed theory is relatively mature to evaluate the safety condition of basic segments along freeways; however, the segment divisions and prediction models of operating speed on mainlines and ramps should be further optimized. In terms of the evaluation methods, the results of the crash statistical method are objective and reliable, but data collection and data sharing are difficult. The analytic hierarchy process method can determine the key factors for safety evaluation, but the results are partially subjective. Both evaluation methods have limitations. For further research, the safety evaluation for interchanges should be developed around both mainline and ramp systems, and the evaluation objects should consist of the diverging influence area, merging influence area, and the joint area. It is suggested that further research focus on human-factor engineering theory, and thus the cost-efficiency could be determined to establish a safe driving and operation environment for interchanges in line with ergonomics.