国有收费公路企业全要素生产率测度及提升路径研究

近年来，收费公路行业绩效问题愈发凸显，但针对政府还贷公路运营载体的国有收费公路企业的研究却相对匮乏。为此，以2000~2019年21家国有收费公路企业的面板数据为研究样本，基于半参数估计法及Sequential-Malmquist指数法对国有收费公路企业全要素生产率（TFP）及其变动的内在结构性因素进行实证测度，得到如下结论：①国有收费公路企业TFP长期处于较低水平，非生产性投入不但未对企业自身发展起到积极作用，反而抑制了资本和劳动投入对产出的贡献。②国有收费公路企业TFP增长缓慢，技术进步和技术效率变化是影响TFP变动的主要因素。集团化改制虽然可以带来短期的技术进步，但对企业TFP持续增长的贡献程度有限。③国有收费公路企业TFP呈东、西、中递减的态势。中部省份企业TFP呈现出显著的追赶效应，其主要源自于技术进步和技术效率提升。东西部省份企业TFP的提升则主要依赖技术进步。基于实证结果的分析表明：转变行业传统发展观念，激发技术进步内生动力，促进管理体制根本变革，推动企业市场化改革以及加快投融资体制改革是国有收费公路企业TFP提升的主要路径；提升路径的实现有赖于地方政府、交通主管部门及国有收费公路企业的长期协同合作。

Total Factor Productivity Measurement and Improvement Path of State-owned Toll Road Enterprises

In recent years, performance issues in the toll road industry have become more prominent. However, there is a lack of research on state-owned toll road enterprises, which are the operation carriers of government loan repayment roads. In this study, panel data of 21 state-owned toll road enterprises for 2000-2019 were collected and organized as a research sample. In addition, the total factor productivity (TFP) and internal structural factors controlling changes in the TFP were empirically determined based on the semi-parametric estimation method and the sequential-Malmquist index method. The following conclusions were obtained: ① The TFP of state-owned toll road enterprises has remained low for a long time instead of playing a positive role in the development of enterprises; this has inhibited the contribution of capital and labor inputs to output. ② The TFP growth of state-owned toll road enterprises is slow, and technological progress and technical efficiency changes are the main factors affecting TFP changes. Although enterprise reform can bring about short-term technological progress, the extent of their contribution to the sustained growth of TFP of enterprises is limited. ③ The TFP of state-owned toll road enterprises in the eastern, western, and central regions are presented in descending order. The TFP of enterprises in the central provinces exhibits a significant catch-up effect and mainly originates from technological progress and technical efficiency improvement. The improvement in the TFP of enterprises in the eastern and western provinces mainly relies on technological progress. The analysis based on the empirical results shows that changing the traditional development concept of the industry, stimulating the endogenous impetus of technological progress, promoting fundamental change in the management system, promoting market-oriented reform of the enterprises, and accelerating the reform of the investment and financing systems are the main paths for improving the TFP of state-owned toll road enterprises. The realization of the improvement depends on long-term cooperation among local governments, transportation authorities, and state-owned toll road enterprises.