缸套-活塞环三维润滑状态模拟分析

以发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦副为对象,研究润滑表面粗糙度、润滑油的变黏度效应以及气缸套圆周方向的形变等因素对润滑状态的影响。运用三维瞬态平均Reynolds方程与微凸体接触模型,建立缸套-活塞环三维瞬态动压润滑模型,并使用Fortran语言编制了润滑状态计算程序,得出行程内的最小油膜厚度、压力分布、摩擦力等曲线。结合实际工况对计算结果进行分析,表明在活塞环圆周方向上的油膜压力及油膜厚度分布都是不均匀的,有明显变化;在压缩冲程上止点附近,微凸体摩擦力数倍于流体摩擦力,是引起摩擦磨损的主要原因。     

EGR回路喷甲醇在柴油机上的应用研究

在YC6A220C柴油机上进行了进气道喷甲醇结合EGR的试验研究,在保持原柴油机动力性基本不变的基础上,研究了在不同负荷下,选用不同的EGR率和不同甲醇消耗率对原机的动力性、经济性、NOx和炭烟排放的影响。研究结果表明:单纯地使用EGR对于降低NOx效果比较明显,但是难以同时降低炭烟的排放,尤其当EGR率超过30%时,随着EGR率或者负荷的增加炭烟也急剧增加。向回路喷入适量甲醇后,不但可以保证NOx排放减少,而且炭烟排放也可以大幅度降低。在1 500r/min(最大扭矩转速)下,在EGR率为20%~35%,甲醇消耗率为50~70g/(kW·h)范围内,可以同时降低NOx和炭烟排放。发动机的动力性和燃油消耗略有降低,排放水平均低于燃用0号柴油。     

排气道EGR策略下CAI燃烧缸内工质混合状态的模拟研究

利用三维设计软件Catia以及三维流体计算软件Fire建立了CAI发动机模型,着重研究了排气道EGR策略下压缩行程缸内工质的混合状态。结果表明,在压缩行程初期缸内工质呈如下混合状态:混合工质处于弱流动阶段,速度场分布均匀;缸内混合工质湍流动能小;缸内汽油浓度场分布不均,进气门一侧浓度大,排气门一侧浓度小;缸内工质的温度场与浓度场分布相反,进气门一侧缸内温度低,排气门一侧缸内温度高。随着活塞的上行,缸内混合工质流速和湍流动能先增大后减小,混合工质的浓度场和温度场越来越均匀。     

基于有限元的活塞组摩擦产热计算分析

基于有限元方法建立了活塞组摩擦产热计算模型,通过发动机工作过程的计算得到了活塞组摩擦产热计算所需的运动学和动力学边界。以某12缸增压柴油机为研究对象,计算得到了标定工况下其活塞组瞬时摩擦力及瞬时摩擦产热功率随曲轴转角的变化,活塞组平均摩擦产热总功率及其在活塞环、活塞裙部、气缸套的分配,以及活塞组摩擦产热所导致的活塞组、气缸套温升情况,计算分析了转速和负荷对活塞组摩擦产热的影响。     

Studies on friction and wear characteristics of cam and follower: influences of soot contamination in engine oil

In order to clarify the friction and wear mechanism of the contact between cam and follower in the valve train incorporated in an EGR system, an experimental investigation was performed with a cam-follower test rig. A fresh CD-class SAE10W-30 multigrade oil and its deteriorated versions with different contaminants were tested. Changes in friction force and amount of wear were measured during the course of the tests. The influence of the soot in the deteriorated oil was examined by mixing the exhaust gas soot blended with the dispersant, ZnDTP and MoDTC additives. Results are summarized as follows. (1) The friction fluctuated and gradually increased with the lapse of time in case of contaminated oils with the soot. (2) Under the coexistence of ZnDTP and MoDTC, however, the friction gradually decreased in spite of existence of soot. (3) The soot dispersed in the oil increased wear rate and reduced the anti-wear effect of the ZnDTP. (4) The smallest wear rate was observed because the anti-wear effect was maintained owing to the MoDTC.     

内外EGR和喷油压力对柴油机低温燃烧的影响

在1台装有电液可变气门的单缸柴油机上,通过改变内外EGR策略和喷油压力,对柴油机小负荷工况下低温燃烧的燃烧特性和排放特性进行了试验研究。内部EGR通过排气门两次开启实现,发动机转速和喷油量分别固定为1 500r/min和20mg/cycle。研究结果表明,通过高EGR率控制可以实现超低NOx排放,其中采用高喷油压力可以降低内部EGR的炭烟排放,而采用低喷油压力可以降低外部中冷EGR的HC和CO排放。在内外EGR耦合控制策略中,提高内部EGR比例可以降低HC和CO排放,但改善效果逐渐减弱,同时为了抑制炭烟排放,需要结合更高喷油压力,而提高外部中冷EGR比例可以获得较高热效率。     

EGR柴油机瞬态性能优化研究

以降低瞬态过程烟度和NO_x排放为目标,在一台高压共轨电控重型柴油机上进行了EGR对柴油机恒转速增扭矩5s典型瞬态过程燃烧和排放性能影响的优化研究。结果表明:瞬态过程中固定EGR阀开度造成EGR率"超调"、烟度剧增;与"全程轨压"策略相比,"分段轨压"有利于改善小负荷工况的燃烧热氛围,提高瞬态起始负荷并耦合"分段轨压"可以有效降低瞬态过程烟度峰值;EGR阀的开闭对瞬态性能影响最大,瞬态过程1.5s关阀、4s开阀的策略可以实现较好的烟度和NO_x排放折中,消光烟度峰值为9.2%,NO_x峰值稍有增加但增幅不大。     

Combustion characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil – diesel blend under EGR and supercharged conditions

This paper investigates the effects of Hydrotreated vegetable oil-diesel blend to combustion characteristics under various ambient oxygen concentrations and ambient pressure. Combustion characteristics were investigated using heat release rate analysis, two color method, soot concentration measurement and NOx concentration measurement. The experiments were carried out on a rapid compression expansion machine to simulate the ambient condition of a CI engine at TDC. Synthetic gas with oxygen concentrations of 21 %, 15 % and 10 % were used to simulate EGR conditions. A single hole injector was used with five different fuels: commercial diesel, HVO-commercial diesel blends and HVO. The results showed that increasing HVO blending percentages decreased ignition delay, flame temperature, soot concentration and NOx concentration. Heat release at oxygen concentration of 10 % dramatically dropped due to a shortened ignition delay, which resulted in less combustion. A decreased oxygen concentration from applied EGR conditions not only increased ignition delay, heat release, flame temperature and NO_x concentration, but also increased soot concentration. A combination of EGR and supercharged conditions by increasing ambient pressure and decreasing oxygen concentrations resulted in increased heat release, decreased flame temperature, ignition delay and soot concentration, compared to EGR conditions.     

EGR增压柴油机的燃烧及排放特性研究

在1台增压中冷柴油机上,采用从涡轮前取气回流到压气机后的高压EGR系统,研究了恒定转速不同负荷下发动机的燃烧和排放特性。在同一工况下,随着EGR率增加,压缩终了混合气温度升高,着火延迟期缩短,燃气压力和温度下降,燃烧持续期延长。分析了柴油机燃烧过程及排放污染物的形成机理。研究发现,当发动机负荷由大变小时,随着EGR率增加,CO的形成因受温度控制增幅越来越大,HC受着火延迟期和供氧的影响增幅越来越小,NO_x的降幅几乎随EGR率呈线性变化,而排气烟度则呈二阶多项式趋势的恶化。     

某型号发动机曲轴偏置分析

现代发动机主要是将多种先进技术进行有效结合,以便使发动机实现高性能输出,达到降低燃油消耗的目的。为了降低发动机的摩擦功和油耗,文章介绍了发动机曲轴偏置技术,并通过对偏心曲柄连杆机构的运动学分析,得出曲轴偏置对活塞行程、曲轴转角、活塞位移、速度、加速度、侧向力及摩擦平均有效压力的影响。通过与零偏置曲轴的对比分析,可以看出：曲轴偏置技术是改善发动机摩擦和油耗的有效措施。     

冷却强度、配对副以及润滑介质对活塞环槽温度限值的影响

在自制的基于摩擦力的活塞环槽温度限值测试装置上,采用火焰加热活塞模拟内燃机燃烧室的燃烧过程,在加热强度一定的条件下,分别研究不同冷却强度、配对副以及润滑介质时缸套-活塞环间的摩擦力随活塞环槽温度的变化。结果发现:活塞环槽温度限值随冷却强度的增大而逐渐提高;CKS环与镀铬缸套配副时比镀铬环以及喷钼环与镀铬缸套配副时活塞环槽温度限值高;SAE15W/40润滑油作为润滑介质时比SAE40,SAE10W/30润滑油作为润滑介质时活塞环槽温度限值高。     

Flamelet combustion model for stratified EGR distribution in a diesel engine

Numerous research has been devoted to finding a method to simultaneously reduce NOx and soot emissions from diesel engines. In-cylinder EGR stratification is a technique that simultaneously reduces NOx and soot using a nonuniform EGR distribution in the combustion chamber. To study the potential of in-cylinder EGR stratification, a new combustion model is required that considers the non-uniform EGR distribution and the chemical kinetics. In this study, a new combustion model, the Flamelet for Stratified EGR (FSE) model, was developed to consider the non-uniform in-cylinder gas distribution based on chemical kinetics. The concept of the FSE model is based on using multiple flamelets with the multizone concept. To describe the non-uniform gas distribution, the combustion chamber is divided into several zones by oxygen concentration at the start of injection. Then, the flamelet equations are solved at the boundary of each zone. The final species mass fraction of each cell is calculated using linear interpolation between two results from the boundaries. In this paper, the FSE model was validated under in-cylinder EGR stratification conditions, and then, the potential of in-cylinder EGR stratification was studied by using the FSE model. The effect of in-cylinder EGR stratification was verified under various injection timing, engine speed, and road conditions with optimized engine geometries. The results shows simultaneous NOx and soot reductions under the stratified EGR condition.     

Enhancement of NOx-PM trade-off in a diesel engine adopting bio-ethanol and EGR

For realizing a premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine, the effects of bio-ethanol blend oil and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on PM-NOx trade-off have been investigated in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine with the compression ratio of 17.8. In the present experiment, the ethanol blend ratio and the EGR ratio were varied focusing on ignition delay, premixed combustion, diffusive combustion, smoke, NOx and the thermal efficiency. Very low levels of 1.5 [g/kWh] NOx and 0.02 [g/kWh] PM, which is close to the 2009 emission standards imposed on heavy duty diesel engines in Japan, were achieved without deterioration of the thermal efficiency in the PCCI engine operated with the 50% ethanol blend fuel and the EGR ratio of 0.2. It is found that this improvement can be achieved by formation of the premixed charge condition resulting from a longer ignition delay. A marked increase in ignition delay is due to blending ethanol with low cetane number and large latent heat, and due to lowering in-cylinder gas temperature on compression stroke based on the EGR. It is noticed that smoke can be reduced even by increasing the EGR ratio under a highly premixed condition.     

发动机活塞环-缸套低摩擦设计仿真分析

以某直列3缸汽油机为研究对象,建立了仿真计算模型,验证了模型的正确性,利用该模型分析了活塞环结构对活塞环-缸套摩擦副润滑的影响。研究表明:过大或过小的活塞环径向桶面高度都会增加活塞环-缸套摩擦副的摩擦损失;在保证发动机平稳运行的基础上,应尽可能选择小的切向弹力;开口间隙对活塞环-缸套之间的窜气量影响很大,冷态时,该款发动机开口间隙为0.38~0.40mm时最佳。     

Effects of split injection,oxygen enriched air and heavy EGR on soot emissions in a diesel engine

The effects of split injection, oxygen enriched air, and heavy exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on soot emissions in a direct injection diesel engine were studied using the KIVA-3V code. When split injection is applied, the second injection of fuel into a cylinder results in two separate stoichiometric zones, which helps soot oxidation. As a result, soot emissions are decreased. When oxygen enriched air is applied together with split injection, a higher concentration of oxygen causes higher temperatures in the cylinder. The increase in temperature promotes the growth reaction of acetylene with soot. However, it does not improve acetylene formation during the second injection of fuel. As more acetylene is consumed in the growth reaction with soot, the concentration of acetylene in the cylinder is decreased, which leads to a decrease in soot formation and thus soot emissions. A combination of split injection, a high concentration of oxygen, and a high EGR ratio shows the best results in terms of diesel emissions. In this paper, the split injection scheme of 75.8.25, in which 75% of total fuel is injected in the first pulse, followed by 8°CA of dwell time, and 25% of fuel is injected in the second pulse, with an oxygen concentration of 23% in volume and an EGR ratio of 30% shows a 45% reduction in soot emissions, with the same NOx emissions as in single injection.     

高功率密度柴油机紧凑性研究

通过对国内外大量高紧凑装甲车辆柴油机总体设计参数统计类比与计算分析,进行了基本柴油机紧凑性设计影响因素分析,主要研究了V形夹角、气缸直径、气缸数目对柴油机外廓尺寸的影响规律,建立气缸中心距、连杆长度、活塞压缩高度与气缸直径或活塞行程的近似关系,得到高紧凑柴油机最小外廓尺寸推荐估算公式。介绍了基于高强化热力过程大功率柴油机总体特征参数设计选取方法,总结出现代柴油机强化程度、紧凑性、先进性等的评价方法,对柴油机研发战略决策和总体设计参数的选择起到一定的指导作用。     

Parametric study of a free piston linear alternator

This work presents the modeling and simulation of a novel free piston linear alternator. The modeling consists of two parts, a thermodynamic model and dynamic model, and these are combined and solved by matlab/simulink. The effects of various intake pressures, moving masses, ignition positions, and resistance loads are studied. The simulation results show that the free piston motion is different from that of the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE). The free piston accelerates and decelerates more quickly at the end of the stroke and additionally, the top dead center is free and changes accordingly with the studied parameters. Thus, a high compression ratio can be easily achieved.     

Approach to minimization of piston slap force for noise reduction – investigation of piston slap force by numerical simulation

Impact force caused by piston slap is one of the major mechanical noise sources in a diesel engine. The optimization of piston pin offset for impact force reduction has been reported by many researchers. However, if a modification has large effect at idling, high-speed noise tends to increase and vice versa. It was very difficult to reduce piston slap noise at all engine speeds. In this paper, the mechanism of the piston slap was investigated precisely utilizing numerical simulation. Simultaneous noise reduction in the conditions of both idling and high speed was achieved successfully by optimizing the piston's center of gravity as well as piston pin offset. Furthermore, engine sound quality was also significantly improved.     

EGR氛围参数对柴油机颗粒物氧化特性的影响

针对柴油机EGR氛围产生的颗粒,采用热重分析法,考察了各颗粒样品的氧化失重过程,分析了EGR率、EGR废气组分、EGR温度等EGR氛围参数对颗粒氧化特性的影响,研究了不同氧化氛围、升温速率等氧化氛围参数对颗粒氧化过程的影响。结果表明,随着EGR率的升高,颗粒中SOF组分含量增加,炭烟组分含量减少,失重率峰值在低温失重区升高,在高温失重区降低,且对应的峰值温度均增加。相同EGR率时,随着EGR废气温度的升高,颗粒的氧化性能随着反应温度的提高而降低。EGR组分不同时,与废气、N2循环相比,在CO2循环下生成的颗粒失重速率更快,反应温度降低,颗粒更易氧化。随着升温速率的提高,颗粒的失重率峰值变化不大,颗粒的氧化反应出现滞后现象,特征点温度升高,颗粒的氧化性能随着升温速率的提高而降低。     

柴油机起动过程缸内窜机油现象的可视化研究

在单缸机上利用内窥镜技术观察到了起动过程中缸内有窜机油的现象。采用图像分析和试验验证相结合的方法,分析了缸内窜机油现象发生的原因,研究了转速和进气压力对柴油机起动倒拖工况下缸内窜机油现象的影响,研究了起动着火运行时缸内的窜机油现象以及炭烟排放特性。研究表明:柴油机高转速起动倒拖工况下,在压缩上止点前后以及排气上止点后均有机油窜入缸内;当转速升高时,窜入缸内的机油量增加;当缸内压力升高时,窜入缸内的机油量减少;在起动着火过程中,运行初期缸内出现窜机油现象,随着发动机运行时间增加,窜机油现象消失,炭烟减少。