风帆助航船舶能效控制系统研究

本文为30万吨原油油轮设计风帆助航能效控制系统及风帆布置方案。在风帆受力分析基础上进行风洞试验,通过不同风速、风向情况下的最大升力系数与合力系数建立最佳帆角数据库。根据数据库数据自动进行偏航、横摇死区判定,并根据输出帆角指令进行转帆。风帆助航系统可有效减少船舶油耗、降低EEOI计算值,实现船舶能效优化的目标。     

沿海船舶主机保温系统改造

该项目通过使用沿海船舶主机保温系统改造技术,锚泊时,燃油锅炉即可停用,改由电加热器并加装缸套水暖缸循环泵进行逐级缸套水保温,生活用热水也由电加热柜提供。改造前,船舶抵锚地前主辅机换用轻柴油后,使用锅炉的主要用途是主机保温暖缸,辅机燃油(使用重油)进行加温以及船员生活用热水等;改造后,可减少锅炉的用油,略增加辅机的用油(电加热装置为耗能设备)。由于目前航运市场不景气,在国内沿海航行的船舶停航或锚泊时间较长,因此节油效果非常明显,排放明显减少。     

船舶检验对船舶安全的影响

为提高我国船舶检验工作水平,确保船舶的安全航行,对船舶检验对船舶安全的影响进行分析,并从提高船舶检验人员专业素质、引进先进检测设备等方面提出相应建议,以期对我国船舶检验工作专业化和精细化水平的提高有所助益。     

汽车运行油耗的影响因素与汽车节能技术

汽车是我国成品油的消耗大户,消耗的汽油量约占汽油生产总量的90%,柴油消耗量约占柴油生产总量的20%。在汽车运输企业中,汽车的燃油费用支出占运输成本的1/3左右。随着我国汽车燃油税的即将开征,燃油价格将大幅提高,汽车油耗的高低在汽车使用成本中将有着举足轻重的地步,低油耗汽车及在汽车上采用节能技术也必将受到汽车使用者的密切关注。     

整车参数对混合动力汽车NEDC工况油耗的影响

混合动力整车油耗不仅仅取决于混合动力系统的优劣,与整车参数也有很大的关系,但混合动力汽车与传统汽车相比,整车参数对油耗的影响是有一定差别的,本文研究了一些主要的整车参数对混合动力汽车的油耗影响。基于功率分流式混合动力车辆的Amesim仿真模型,选取整车质量、轮胎滚动半径、滑行阻力曲线三个因素并利用正交表的方法分析其对油耗的影响,从而指导利用该模型进行功率分流式混合动力车辆的油耗分析和优化。研究表明,混合动力汽车由于制动能量回收的影响,整备质量对油耗的影响小于传统汽车;由于功率分流的能量控制策略,轮胎滚动半径对油耗的影响很小;滑行阻力对油耗的影响和传统汽车接近。     

底盘测功机阻力设定对重型商用车油耗的影响分析

文章研究了重型商用车辆分别采用推荐道路阻力与实测道路阻力对在底盘测功机上进行整车油耗试验的结果差异。结果表明,采用推荐道路阻力不能真实反应出车辆的油耗水平;底盘测功机的阻力设定直接影响车辆的油耗结果,阻力设定值越大,油耗越大,反之越小。     

Fuel-Cut策略对WLTC循环排放及油耗影响

基于一辆搭载1.4 L增压乘用车,通过WLTC循环工况测试,分别对比研究了Fuel-Cut策略,对整车试验循环排放及油耗的影响。研究发现,怠速起停技术(STT)、减速断油技术(DFCO)和换挡断油技术(CFCO)均能够改善油耗,使得油耗分别降低1.34%、1.67%和1.13%,但对CO、NOX、HC及NMHC排放都会产生一定恶化。     

阻力加载对乘用车WLTC循环排放及油耗影响

基于一辆搭载1.4 L涡轮增压汽油机的乘用车汽车,通过WLTC循环工况测试,分别对比研究了不同阻力加载a和b对整车试验循环排放及油耗的影响。研究发现:阻力加载b在中低速阶段的阻力相对阻力加载a比较小,对排放和油耗均有一定程度的改善;但是第四阶段阻力加载b相对阻力加载a较大,排放和油耗均增加;但是整体综合排放和油耗均有改善。     

内河船舶指标体系计算常见问题及对策研究

为了切实履行好船检部门的审图职责,有效推进广西内河船型标准化工作,文章结合广西船检部门审查新建船舶图纸工作实践,分析了广西船舶设计部门送审的营运船舶燃料消耗指数设计阶段初步验证计算书和CO2排放指数设计阶段初步验证计算书在指标体系计算中存在的问题,指出了设计部门在指标体系认识上的误区,并提出了指导船舶设计和指标体系审图的有效对策。     

车用燃料的发展及其对发动机性能的影响

国内车用燃料市场出现了多元化状态,本文针对现存的多种车用燃料,分别分析了它们在发动机应用中的性能,并对国内车用燃料市场做了预测,着重分析了新兴替代燃料CNG、LPG、醇类燃料、生物燃料的使用对发动机性能的影响。     

排放法规与燃油经济性要求对车用发动机技术路线选择的影响研究

本文介绍了世界范围内关于车用发动机而制定的排放法规及相关治理措施,并详细阐述了基于排放法规的车用柴油机技术路线变迁,重点对排放法规和燃油经济性要求对轻型车用发动机及重型车用柴油机的技术路线选择产生的影响进行了研究,并据此进行了展望。内燃机在现在及未来相当长的一段时间内,依然会作为主流的车用动力装置。就目前而言,排放法规及燃油经济性要求依然对车用发动机的技术路线选择起着显著的影响。考虑到当前的世界气候环境及燃料储备,对车用发动机进行节能减排的技术改良可谓势在必行。     

影响营运客车燃料消耗量测量结果准确性的因素

结合JT711-2008营运客车燃料消耗的测量方法,阐述了影响营运客车燃料消耗测量的因素。     

基于碳平衡原理的天然气汽车燃料消耗量检测方法研究

文章通过分析天然气组份及天然气发动机的燃烧特性,基于碳平衡原理建立了天然气汽车燃料消耗量计算模型。对比分析了闭式和开式碳平衡检测系统的结构工作原理及适用范围,确定采用开式稀释采样方式进行天然气燃料消耗量检测系统开发。结合天然气汽车燃料消耗量计算模型中的技术参数需求,设计开发了碳平衡气耗仪。为了分析设备工作的可靠性和测量的准确性,选用LNG宇通客车和东风危险品运输车作为试验样车,利用科里奥利质量流量计对其进行标定。通过对比试验可知,碳平衡气耗仪与科里奥利质量流量计相对误差为5%,基本满足在用天然气汽车燃料消耗量检测的需求。     

基于最佳碳排放与油耗最优化的行驶车速区间研究

在碳排放实验的基础上,文章研究了CO2排放比例与行车速度之间的关系,并提出最佳碳排放行驶车速区间这一概念。文章结合前人提出的油耗与车速模型,建立了高速公路最优车速区间的计算模型,车辆在此区间上行驶时,油耗低并且燃油充分,即CO2排放比例高。利用面积法确定了最优行驶车速区间的计算方法,求得了这一车速区间,从而达到经济效益与社会环境效益的最大化,同时也能够为高速公路的运营管理提供理论支撑。     

The impacts of connected vehicle technology on network-wide traffic operation and fuel consumption under various incident scenarios

ABSTRACT

Incidents are a major source of traffic congestion and can lead to long and unpredictable delays, deteriorating traffic operations and adverse environmental impacts. The emergence of connected vehicles and communication technologies has enabled travelers to use real-time traffic information. The ability to exchange traffic information among vehicles has tremendous potential impacts on network performance especially in the case of non-recurrent congestion. To this end, this paper utilizes a microscopic simulation model of traffic in El Paso, Texas to investigate the impacts of incidents on traffic operation and fuel consumption at different market penetration rates (MPR) of connected vehicles. Several scenarios are implemented and tested to determine the impacts of incidents on network performance in an urban area. The scenarios are defined by changing the duration of incidents and the number of lanes closed. This study also shows how communication technology affects network performance in response to congestion. The results of the study demonstrate the potential effectiveness of connected vehicle technology in improving network performance. For an incident with a duration of 900?s and MPR of 80%, total fuel consumption and total travel time decreased by approximately 20%; 26% was observed in network-wide travel time and fuel consumption at 100% MPR.     

Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of a triple-fuel spark-ignition engine powered passenger car

This paper examines the influence of compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and gasoline fuel on the exhaust emissions and the fuel consumption of a spark-ignition engine powered passenger car. The vehicle was driven according to the urban driving cycle and extra urban driving cycle speed profiles with the warmed-up engine. Cause and effect based analysis reveals potential for using different fuels to reduce vehicle emission and deficiencies associated with particular fuels. The highest tank to wheel efficiency and the lowest CO₂ emission are observed with the natural gas fuelled vehicle, that also featured the highest total hydrocarbon emissions and high NO_x emissions because of fast three way catalytic converter aging due the use of the compressed natural gas. Retrofitted liquefied petroleum gas fuel supply systems feature the greatest air-fuel ratio variations that result in the lowest TtW efficiency and in the highest NO_x emissions of the liquefied gas fuelled vehicle.     

Evaluating the impacts of urban corridor traffic signal optimization on vehicle emissions and fuel consumption

This study investigates the impacts of traffic signal timing optimization on vehicular fuel consumption and emissions at an urban corridor. The traffic signal optimization approach proposed integrates a TRANSIMS microscopic traffic simulator, the VT-Micro model (a microscopic emission and fuel consumption estimation model), and a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimizer. An urban corridor consisting of four signalized intersections in Charlottesville, VA, USA, is used for a case study. The result of the case study is then compared with the best traffic signal timing plan generated by Synchro using the TRANSIMS microscopic traffic simulator. The proposed approach achieves much better performance than that of the best Synchro solution in terms of air quality, energy and mobility measures: 20% less network-wide fuel consumption, 8–20% less vehicle emissions, and nearly 27% less vehicle-hours-traveled (VHT).     

Adoption of alternative fuel vehicles: Influence from neighbors,family and coworkers

During the last years, many governments have set targets for increasing the share of biofuels in the transportation sector. Understanding consumer behavior is essential in designing policies that efficiently increase the uptake of cleaner technologies. In this paper we analyze adopters and non-adopters of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs). We use diffusion of innovation theory and the established notion that the social system and interpersonal influence play important roles in adoption. Based on a nationwide database of car owners we analyze interpersonal influence on adoption from three social domains: neighbors, family and coworkers. The results point primarily at a neighbor effect in that AFV adoption is more likely if neighbors also have adopted. The results also point at significant effects of interpersonal influence from coworkers and family members but these effects weaken or disappear when income, education level, marriage, age, gender and green party votes are controlled for. The results extend the diffusion of innovation and AFV literature with empirical support for interpersonal influence based on objective data where response bias is not a factor. Implications for further research, environmental and transport policy, and practitioners are discussed.     

Validation of the Rakha-Pasumarthy-Adjerid car-following model for vehicle fuel consumption and emission estimation applications

The Rakha-Pasumarthy-Adjerid (RPA) car-following model has been demonstrated to successfully replicate empirical driver car-following behavior. However, the validity of this model for fuel consumption and emission (FC/EM) estimation has yet to be studied. This paper attempts to address this research need by analyzing the applicability of the model for FC/EM estimation and comparing its performance to other state-of-practice car-following models; namely, the Gipps, Fritzsche and Wiedemann models. Naturalistic empirical data are employed to generate ground truth car-following events. The model-generated second-by-second Vehicle Specific Power (VSP) distributions for each car-following event are then compared to the empirical distributions. The study demonstrates that the generation of realistic VSP distributions is critical in producing accurate FC/EM estimates and that the RPA model outperforms the other three models in producing realistic vehicle trajectory VSP distributions and robust FC/EM estimates. This study also reveals that the acceleration behavior within a car-following model is one of the major contributors to producing realistic VSP distributions. The study further demonstrates that the use of trip-aggregated results may produce erroneous conclusions given that second-by-second errors may cancel each other out, and that lower VSP distribution errors occasionally result in greater bias in FC/EM estimates given the large deviation of the distribution at high VSP levels. Finally, the results of the study demonstrate the validity of the INTEGRATION micro-simulator, given that it employs the RPA car-following model, in generating realistic VSP distributions, and thus in estimating fuel consumption and emission levels.