风帆助航船舶能效控制系统研究

本文为30万吨原油油轮设计风帆助航能效控制系统及风帆布置方案。在风帆受力分析基础上进行风洞试验,通过不同风速、风向情况下的最大升力系数与合力系数建立最佳帆角数据库。根据数据库数据自动进行偏航、横摇死区判定,并根据输出帆角指令进行转帆。风帆助航系统可有效减少船舶油耗、降低EEOI计算值,实现船舶能效优化的目标。     

SMSC-2006型轮机模拟器主机仿真建模

主机参数模型是轮机模拟器的软件核心,开发轮机模拟器仿真软件之前必须首先搭建好能适用于主机各工况下的实时参数模型。文章采用现有船机桨物理计算公式和船舶阻力经验计算公式建立了SMSC-2006型轮机模拟器船舶主柴油机工作的船机桨能量平衡模型;采用参数矩阵变换和牛顿插值法建立了主机实时仿真模型和主机实时故障模型。这些模型能满足轮机模拟器的仿真精度和持续运行要求,实时计算出了各工况下主机的各种热工参数,还可以实时仿真主机的典型故障。     

沿海船舶主机保温系统改造

该项目通过使用沿海船舶主机保温系统改造技术,锚泊时,燃油锅炉即可停用,改由电加热器并加装缸套水暖缸循环泵进行逐级缸套水保温,生活用热水也由电加热柜提供。改造前,船舶抵锚地前主辅机换用轻柴油后,使用锅炉的主要用途是主机保温暖缸,辅机燃油(使用重油)进行加温以及船员生活用热水等;改造后,可减少锅炉的用油,略增加辅机的用油(电加热装置为耗能设备)。由于目前航运市场不景气,在国内沿海航行的船舶停航或锚泊时间较长,因此节油效果非常明显,排放明显减少。     

物探船能效管理措施的实践应用

近年来,人们越来越关注能源效率和环境问题,国际海事组织(IMO)也采取了各种排放控制措施,提出了船舶能效设计指数和船舶能效管理计划,以减少船舶温室气体的排放,促进船舶设计以及船舶管理方面的技术发展和创新.船舶能效的提高取决于设计和运行条件下的综合因素,文章对某物探船在管理、操作、技术方面进行了分析,提出了物探船持续改善管理创新和实践操作的应用,以及节能优化的可行措施.     

船型优化设计与高效推进系统研究及应用

本技术是基于江海直达船型线型优化和高效推进系统的应用,通过优化,采用直首型船体线型减少阻力,与机桨合理匹配,加装水动力节能装置,提高螺旋桨的推进效率。通过项目的实施,综合22000DWT江海直达船阻力和推进性能,相比旧船型达到了预期目标,减少了燃油消耗,降低了二氧化碳排放,降低了船舶主机故障率,减少了船舶噪声和振动,改善了船员生活环境。经过推广使用,公司营运成本明显降低,提高了现有船舶的市场竞争能力,同时实现了构建“绿色船舶”的重要目标。     

中国近周边海域船舶排放清单及排放特征研究

为分析我国沿海船舶大气污染物排放特征,本研究以船舶自动识别系统数据为基础,收集整理国内外船舶静态数据、排放参数,结合船舶实际航行资料,采用动力法估算了中国近周边海域2014年的船舶排放清单,并分析了靠港、锚泊、港内机动、低速、巡航5个船舶状态下的排放特征,按不同海区对排放进行了统计,并给出了我国三个排放控制区的船舶大气污染物排放情况。结果表明,中国近周边海域范围内由于船舶活动一年产生的硫氧化物、氮氧化物、PM10分别约为87.98万吨、137.84万吨、11.73万吨。排放源分析表明,在船舶的主机、辅机和锅炉3种排放源中,主机是主要排放源,且在航行状态上低速巡航状态排放最大。船舶排放污染物的空间分析表明,90%的船舶排放发生在海岸线至领海基线外96海里范围内,即距离陆地200公里的海域内。     

云海轮加装船用燃油雾化电加热器节能效益评估

文章介绍了云海轮上加装中交水运行业船舶节能技术服务中心生产的新型燃油雾化电加热器的情况。实践证明,加装电加热器是解决船舶用劣质燃料油的好办法。     

无人机在航道管理中的快速判定应用分析

文章通过实践分析,研究了消费级无人机在航道管理中的快速判定应用,总结出直线法和三角法两种可应对多种情形的测算方法,可用于违建码头规模预估、界定采砂船舶是否违法进入航道施工,以及测算施工船舶的作业位置、水上助航标志配布位置间隔距离等方面工作。     

典型航线船舶排放清单及排放特征研究

文章分析了我国典型航线典型船舶排放特征,以船舶自动识别系统数据为基础,收集整理所选研究船舶排放参数,结合船舶实际航行资料,采用动力法估算了秦皇岛港—广州港航线某散货船一个航行周期的排放清单,并分析了靠港、停泊、港内机动、巡航4个船舶状态下的排放特征,绘制了2 km×2 km分辨率的空间排放特征图。结果表明,该典型航线上典型散货船舶一个航行周期排放的SOx、NOx、PM10、PM2.5总量分别为18.88吨、30.87吨、1.85吨和1.69吨。排放源分析表明从在船舶的主机、辅机和锅炉3种排放源中,主机是主要排放源。航行状态上巡航工况排放量最大;船舶排放污染物的空间分析表明,船舶在进出港口区域是污染物排放最密集的区域。     

船舶能效管理

发展绿色航运是我国实施应对气候变化国家战略的重要组成部分,同时也是航运企业提高国际竞争力的重要途径.大连远洋运输公司根据中国船级社(CCS)发布的《船舶能效管理认证规范》,率先编制了《公司能效管理计划》(CEEMP)和《船舶能效管理计划》(SEEMP),并取得了中国船级社(CCS)颁发的能效管理证书,成为国内第一家取得CCS能效管理体系认证的航运公司.目前,该公司建立的能效管理体系已实施一年有余,改进了公司对整个船队的能效管理,突出了航运企业的节能特点,实施了一批节能技改项目,取得了显著的成果.     

Real-time optimization of ship energy efficiency based on the prediction technology of working condition

Ship energy efficiency management and control is an effective strategy to improve the marine economy and reduce CO₂ emission. The determination of the best navigation speed under different working conditions is the basis and premise for real-time improvement of ship energy efficiency. In this paper, the working condition in short distance ahead of the ship related to navigation environment factors was predicted by the method of wavelet neural network, and then the best engine speed for the optimal energy efficiency under different working conditions could be determined through the established ship energy efficiency real-time optimization model. Further, by presetting the ship engine at this optimal speed, the ship energy efficiency could be guaranteed at the optimal state when the ship arrived at the navigation environment ahead of the ship, thus achieving real-time optimization of ship energy efficiency under different navigation environment factors. Experimental studies showed that the proposed optimization model was effective in energy saving and emission reduction, which could provide theoretical guidance for optimal sailing of the ship in service. Compared to traditional setting speed navigation methods, our proposed method has more practical significance to the improvement of ship energy efficiency.     

The influence of locomotive diesel engine transient operating modes on energy usage

This paper analyzes the influence of transient operating modes in the Cat 3512B-HD and MTU 4000 R41 locomotive diesel engines on their energy usage. This analysis represents an integral component of the technological research and development performed at Lietuvos Geležinkeliai AB (JSC Lithuanian Railways) with the objective of increasing the efficiency of freight transportation with the upgraded 2M62M and modern ER20CF/2ER20CF diesel locomotives. The influence of transient modes on the operating variables of the locomotive diesel engines was evaluated under operational load-cycling conditions to aid in the selection of appropriate parameters (e.g., the train weight, the diesel locomotive type, and the technical characteristics of the diesel locomotive to be modeled) for freight transportation on Lithuanian railway lines. It was determined that the engine’s electronic control system compensates for the negative effects of transient operations on the engine’s energy usage. As a result, the increase in fuel consumption is less than 3% during transient operation when compared to steady-state operation. Through this research, methodological foundations have been formulated and adapted for the use of the mathematical modeling of the transient modes of locomotive diesel engines to optimize freight transportation, resulting in an expected decrease of 10–15% in fuel consumption.     

Developing link-based particle number emission models for diesel transit buses using engine and vehicle parameters

To better assess health impacts from diesel transportation sources, particle number emissions can be modeled on a road network using traffic operating parameters. In this work, real-time particle number emissions rates from two diesel transit buses were aggregated to the roadway link-level and modeled using engine parameters and then vehicle parameters. Modern statistical methods were used to identify appropriate predictor variables in the presence of multicollinearity, and controlled for correlated emission measurements made on the same day and testing route. Factor analysis helped to reduce the number of potential engine parameters to engine load, engine speed, and exhaust temperature. These parameters were incorporated in a linear mixed model that was shown to explain the variation attributable to link-characteristics. Vehicle specific power and speed were identified as two surrogate vehicle travel variables that can be used in the absence of engine parameters, although with a loss in predictive power compared to the engine parameter model. If vehicle speed is the only operating input available, including road grades in the model can significantly improve particle number emission estimates even for links with mild grade. Although the data used are specific to the buses tested, the approach can be applied to modeling emissions from other vehicle models with different engine types, exhaust systems, and engine retrofit technologies.     

Shipping log data based container ship fuel efficiency modeling

Container shipping lines have been initiating various ship fuel efficiency management programs because bunker fuel costs always dominate the daily operating costs of a container ship. As the basis of these kinds of programs, we develop a viable research methodology for modeling the relationship between the fuel consumption rate of a particular container ship and its determinants, including sailing speed, displacement, sea conditions and weather conditions, by using the shipping log data available in practice. The developed methodology consists of an outlier-score-based data preprocessing procedure to tackle the fuzziness, inaccuracy and limited information of shipping logs, and two regression models for container ship fuel efficiency. Real shipping logs from four container ships (two with 13000 TEUs and two with 5000 TEUs) over a six-month sailing period are used to exhibit the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The empirical studies demonstrate the performance of three models for fitting the fuel consumption rate of a ship and the industrial merits of ship fuel efficiency management. In addition, we highlight the potential impacts of the models developed in this study on liner shipping network analysis, as these models can serve as base models for additionally considering the influence of displacement and weather conditions on ship fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions.     

Dynamic optimization of ship energy efficiency considering time-varying environmental factors

Nowadays, optimization of ship energy efficiency attracts increasing attention in order to meet the requirement for energy conservation and emission reduction. Ship operation energy efficiency is significantly influenced by environmental factors such as wind speed and direction, water speed and depth. Owing to inherent time-variety and uncertainty associated with these various factors, it is very difficult to determine optimal sailing speeds accurately for different legs of the whole route using traditional static optimization methods, especially when the weather conditions change frequently over the length of a ship route. Therefore, in this paper, a novel dynamic optimization method adopting the model predictive control (MPC) strategy is proposed to optimize ship energy efficiency accounting for these time-varying environmental factors. Firstly, the dynamic optimization model of ship energy efficiency considering time-varying environmental factors and the nonlinear system model of ship energy efficiency are established. On this basis, the control algorithm and controller for the dynamic optimization of ship energy efficiency (DOSEE) are designed. Finally, a case study is carried out to demonstrate the validity of this optimization method. The results indicate that the optimal sailing speeds at different time steps could be determined through the dynamic optimization method. This method can improve ship energy efficiency and reduce CO₂ emissions effectively.     

Influential vectors in fuel consumption by an urban bus operator: Bus route,driver behavior or vehicle type?

Energy costs account for an important share of the total costs of urban and suburban bus operators. The purpose of this paper is to expand empirical research on bus transit operation costs and identify the key factors that influence bus energy efficiency of the overall bus fleet of one operator and aid to the management of its resources.We estimate a set of multivariate regression models, using cross-section dataset of 488 bus drivers operating over 92 days in 2010, in 87 routes with different bus typologies, of a transit company operating in the Lisbon’s Metropolitan Area (LMA), Rodoviária de Lisboa, S.A.Our results confirm the existence of influential variables regarding energy efficiency and these are mainly: vehicle type, commercial speed, road grades over 5% and bus routes; and to a lesser extent driving events such as: sudden longitudinal decelerations and excessive engine rotation. The methodology proved to be useful for the bus operator as a decision-support tool for efficiency optimization purpose at the company level.     

Operational profiles of ships in Norwegian waters: An activity-based approach to assess the benefits of hybrid and electric propulsion

Various regulations are imposed on shipping to increase energy efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Alternative fuels and power systems are among the solutions for compliance with these regulations. The power system of a ship may not operate optimally because of the diversity of the operational profile during its lifetime. This article uses an activity-based approach and big data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) to study the operational profiles of eight ship types operating in Norwegian waters around mainland Norway in 2016. The aim is to identify ship types that can benefit from electric and hybrid propulsion through analysis of their operational profiles. Close to shore, the operational profiles of various ship types are similar, and all ships spend a great proportion of their time with lower loads. As the distance from shore increases, the operational profiles of various ship types follow distinct trends. Among the considered ship types, reefers spend more operational time close to the diesel engine design condition. On the other hand, offshore and passenger ships show the most dynamic operational profiles and spend a large percentage of their operational time with a partial load, away from diesel engine design conditions. Such ships can benefit from hybridisation, diesel-electric propulsion, and other electric concepts, such as batteries and fuel cells. Another option is to downsize diesel engines for better operation while fuel cells and batteries supply peak and partial loads. Operational profiles are plotted and details of the approach are presented in the article.     

The Northern Sea Route competitiveness for oil tankers

This article proposes a decision model for a ship-owner who contemplates the benefits of sailing north via the Northern Sea Route (NSR) or south via the Suez Canal Route (SCR) when transporting oil products from Russia to Asia. The decision is based on potential cost and transit time savings that change on a monthly basis according to sailing conditions and the area along the NSR. This study is applied to a 1A Ice-Class Panamax tanker vessel sailing through the NSR compared to a Panamax tanker vessel sailing through the SCR. It concludes that the NSR provides a competitive advantage in the months from August to November when conservative assumptions on ice conditions (higher bound) are considered for the level of ice thickness encountered along the route and from July to November when a lower bound is assumed.     

船用柴油机12PA6B超负荷性能试验研究

我国船用柴油机功率标准规定柴油机应能够在超负荷功率(即110%标定功率)下连续运转。超负荷工况各参数变化可以反映柴油机的整体性能,是船用柴油机负荷试验的重要工况点。本文通过陕柴重工生产的12PA6B柴油机的负荷试验,研究证实该机型在超负荷工况下能保持较低的燃油消耗率和烟度排放,以及较高的功率和扭矩输出。     

Development of Malaysian urban drive cycle using vehicle and engine parameters

Vehicles travelling in actual urban areas are mostly in idle, low or medium speeds, which reflects engine part-load condition. These regularly visited engine conditions, in reality affect the fuel economy during actual driving. Thus, understanding the characteristics of the actual driving conditions will enable many other benefits besides legislation. This paper presents the development of a preliminary Malaysian urban drive cycle with the inclusion of the engine parameters and characteristics, acquired through an actual urban driving on numerous urban roads in Malaysia that represents the actual consumer’s daily driving experience. The actual engine parameters and its characteristics are integrated into the assessment measures in an attempt to formulate representable drive cycle and fuel consumption data. The initial drive cycle is composed of 17 sequences selected from the actual on-the-road conditions to represent the Malaysian urban driving. The average fuel economy of the established Malaysian urban drive cycle was then measured on a test bench using the same engine from the vehicle. The recorded fuel economy with Malaysian urban drive cycle is 8.5% below the actual Malaysian urban driving which is closer estimation to the actual driving compared to the current in-practice NEDC which shows to be 43.1% below the actual Malaysian urban driving. Thus, Malaysian urban drive cycle is better in representing the Malaysian urban driving conditions compared to the NEDC in terms of the average fuel economy measurements.