Numerical study for turbulent flow of drag and flow noise with wavy wall

In this paper, a numerical simulation of flow-induced noise by the low Mach number turbulent flow with a sinusoidal wavy wall was presented based on the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations and Lighthill’s acoustic analogy. Large eddy simulation (LES) was used to investigate the space-time flow field and the Smagorinsky sub-grid scale (SGS) model was introduced for turbulence model. Using Lighthill’s acoustics analogy, the flow field simulated by LES was taken as near-field sound sources and radiated sound from turbulent flow was computed by the Curle’s integral formulation under the low Mach number approximation. Both spanwise wavy wall and streamwise wavy wall with various wall wave amplitudes were discussed to investigate their effects on reducing the drag and flow noise. The relationship between flow noise and drag on the wavy wall is also studied.     

Effects of compressibility and Knudsen number on the aero optics in hypersonic flow fields

Tsien summarized the similarity in hypersonic flows, and related Knudsen number to Mach number and Reynolds number. Recently, a path-based problem, aero-optical effect, arises in hypersonic flows, and it concerns about the compressibility and the Knudsen number of the gas flows, which differs from the Tsien’s focus to some extent. In this paper, the similarity of hypersonic aero optics is theoretically studied, and both flow fields and induced aero-optical effect after flows pass through a cylinder are predicted by a well-accepted particle-based method, direct simulation Monte-Carlo (DSMC) method. The results show that the optical distortions are inversely proportional to the Knudsen number, while the compressibility plays an important role in the optical degradations. Hence, it is confirmed that the effects of Mach number and Knudsen number on the aero-optical effect induced by hypersonic flows are of great significance. Besides, since the Knudsen number is defined straightforwardly based on the optically active region, the physics is clearer than any other similarity criteria.     

Numerical investigation of characteristics of water-exit ventilated cavity collapse

The collapse of the ventilated cavitation occurring on a cylindrical vehicle during the water-exit is numerically researched. The numerical model employs the finite volume method to solve the multiphase Reynoldsaveraged Navier-Stokes (RNNS) equations and uses the volume of fluid (VOF) method to capture the free surface. A practical water wave environment that the vehicle usually encounters is reproduced in a numerical wave flume, so that the water wave’s effect on the cavity collapse flow regime is investigated. The main feature of the waterexit collapse of a ventilated cavity is studied under the wave-free condition. The result indicates that a collapsing ventilated cavity experiences two stages, in which the pattern of cavity evolution is different. In the early stage, the cavity undergoes a rapid shrinkage as a closed body. In the late stage, the cavity releases gas from the front due to the increase of the cavity pressure. The water wave effect is investigated at three typical wave phases: the wave crest, the wave trough and the wave node. Results show that when the vehicle is launched under the wave node, the cavity collapse regime remains fairly axisymmetric and is similar to the wave-free case. However, when the vehicle is launched under the wave crest and trough, the cavity evolution presents highly three-dimensional (3D) features. The results of predicted cavity size, pressure distributions and hydrodynamic forces at different wave phases show that the wave effect is relatively weak at the wave node but becomes apparent at the wave crest and trough.     

气液环簧组合式缓冲器非对称拉压特性动力学建模及冲击仿真

为解决气液环簧组合式缓冲器呈现非对称拉压动态特性问题,构建了气液环簧组合式缓冲器动力学模型,基于MATLAB/Simulink软件编制了考虑不同吸能元件特性的车辆冲击动力学模型程序,研究了两辆单车冲击及两列动车组冲击的动态特性。研究结果表明：组合式缓冲器动力学模型既能有效地模拟拉伸状态下环簧缓冲器的线性加载特性,又能较好地模拟压缩状态下气液缓冲器随冲击速度变化的非线性加载动态特性,即组合式缓冲器动力学模型体现了明显的非对称拉压特性;低速与中高速冲击过程中,组合式缓冲器动力学模型及车辆冲击模型可依次完整有效地模拟缓冲器-压溃管-防爬器-车体结构变形产生的缓冲吸能动态过程及磁滞拉压特性曲线;列车冲击速度为5 km·h^-1时,最大车钩力及组合式缓冲器最大行程均小于缓冲器阻抗力和行程限值,其压缩加载特性曲线仅呈现出气液缓冲器的加载特性;冲击速度为20 km·h^-1时,最大车钩力为2 900 kN,最大行程为534 mm,防爬器已经触发,其压缩加载特性曲线呈现出了气液缓冲器-压溃管-防爬器组成的连续力学特性,此时车体结构未发生破坏;冲击速度达到25~30 km·h^-1时,列车开始发生结构破坏,车钩力陡升;全自动车钩与半永久车钩参数选型能够满足冲击速度20 km·h^-1以内的列车车体结构安全性。     

Numerical simulation of fluid flow caused by buoyancy forces during vacuum arc remelting process

The metallurgical structure and composition of ingots which depend critically on the fluid motion within the molten pool during the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) process have important effect on the subsequent mechanical processes like forging, rolling and welding. In order to determine the fluid motion of molten pool, a 2D finite element model is established using ANSYS10.0 software, combined with the turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer. The fluid motion caused by thermo buoyancy forces is investigated at different VAR processes in the present study. The results indicate that the fluid flows symmetrically along the axis of the molten pool and clockwisely along the circle at the right pool’s profile. It is also shown that the maximum velocity increases with increasing melting rate and a direct proportional relationship exists.     

Pulsation characteristics of ventilated supercavitation on a 2D hydrofoil

AbstractBased on a suite of computational fluid dynamics code,the pulsation characteristics are studied for turbulent supercavitating flows over a 2D base-vented symmetric hydrofoil using a pressure-based Navier-Stokes solver coupled with a phase mass fraction transport cavitation model and local linear low-Reynolds-number k-ε turbulence model.It is found that there exists a critical air supply flow under certain inflow condition.When the gas supply flow exceeds the critical value,the cavity begins to pulsate.Pulsating cavity has a visually wavy surface,and air leakage shows as a mass of air-water mixture detaching from the rear part of the cavity periodically.     

基于背门约束系统的车内低频轰鸣声控制

汽车背门一般通过铰链、锁销、缓冲块等约束系统安装和固定在车身上,其刚体模态振动与车内声腔声压耦合,是导致低频轰鸣声的主要原因.本文建立了背门振动-乘员舱声压的一维板-腔耦合声学解析模型,分析研究了边界约束刚度对板件振动速度响应及腔内耦合声压的影响规律,并进行了实车实验验证;通过调节锁销相对位移和缓冲块相对高度,解决了某车型低频敲鼓声问题.分析结果表明：在板件刚体模态振动下,腔内耦合声压幅值沿远离板件方向逐渐增大,且在声腔底部位置最大;板件振动速度相应及腔内耦合声压峰值幅值随边界约束系统刚度减小而降低;在低频轰鸣发生的20～30 Hz频率范围内,乘员舱前排位置声压峰值幅值比中排及后排位置大约8 dB(A),验证了理论分析结果的正确性;乘员舱内耦合声压峰值幅值随着锁销相对位置的增大和缓冲块相对高度的减小而降低,锁销相对车身向车尾方向增大2 mm或者缓冲块相对高度减小2 mm,可以使背门振动速度减小约0.002～0.003 m/s,前排声压峰值幅值降低3.5～14.8 dB(A).     

Strong key-insulated signature in the standard model

The only known construction of key-insulated signature (KIS) that can be proven secure in the standard model is based on the approach of using double signing. That is, the scheme requires two signatures: a signature with a master key and a signature with the signer’s secret key. This folklore construction method leads to an inefficient scheme. Therefore it is desirable to devise an efficient KIS scheme. We present the first scheme with such a construction. Our construction derives from some variations of the Waters’ signature scheme. It is computationally efficient and the signatures are short. The scheme is provably secure based on the difficulty of computational Diffie-Hellman (CDH) problem in the standard model.     

车辆冲击数值模拟研究

为了研究车辆冲击对车辆运行安全性的影响,依据缓冲器计算理论,利用Simulink软件建立了货车缓冲器动力学修正模型;根据车辆系统动力学理论及车钩计算模型,利用UM软件建立了装用K6转向架的C80货车完整自由度车辆模型.将上述模型联合仿真,实现了车辆冲击的数值模拟.计算结果表明:两组车之间的冲击比一辆车与一组车间的冲击危害更大;车钩和从板质量使车辆产生高频小幅的车钩力;悬挂因素导致完整自由度车辆冲击模型的车钩力比单自由度车辆冲击模型小21.7%;车辆在纵向、横向和垂向存在耦合关系,轮轨垂向力随着冲击质量以及重心高度的增加而增大,轮轨横向力随着车端纵向压力的增加和曲线半径的减小而增大.      

基于线性模型的高速公路交通事件和干预作用影响下的车流波分析

交通事件的发生导致高速公路正常交通流发生改变,为了促进发生交通事件时车流拥挤或阻塞的消散,减少排队延误,应在事件发生点上游对车流采取一定干预措施.运用流体力学车流波理论,分析了交通事件和干预措施综合作用下对车流状态的影响,建立了基于车速-交通密度线性模型下的车流波波速模型,干预作用产生的干预波和交通事件影响产生的集结波、启动波、消散波相互作用下的车流波位置和对应时刻模型以及分流干预措施解除时刻模型.这些模型为有效确定事件处理方案,尽快消除拥挤或阻塞提供了理论依据.     

Exploiting empirical variance for data stream classification

Classification, using the decision tree algorithm, is a widely studied problem in data streams. The challenge is when to split a decision node into multiple leaves. Concentration inequalities, that exploit variance information such as Bernstein’s and Bennett’s inequalities, are often substantially strict as compared with Hoeffding’s bound which disregards variance. Many machine learning algorithms for stream classification such as very fast decision tree (VFDT) learner, AdaBoost and support vector machines (SVMs), use the Hoeffding’s bound as a performance guarantee. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm based on the recently proposed empirical Bernstein’s bound to achieve a better probabilistic bound on the accuracy of the decision tree. Experimental results on four synthetic and two real world data sets demonstrate the performance gain of our proposed technique.     

Wave Number Method for Three-Dimensional Steady-State Acoustic Problems

Based on the indirect Trefftz approach, a wave number method (WNM) is proposed to deal with three-dimensional steady-state acoustic problems. In the WNM, the dynamic pressure response variable is approximated by a set of wave functions, which exactly satisfy the Helmholtz equation. The set of wave functions comprise the exact solutions of the homogeneous part of the governing equations and some particular solution functions. The unknown coefficients of the wave functions can be obtained by enforcing the pressure approximation to satisfy the boundary conditions. Compared with the boundary element method (BEM), the WNM have a smaller system matrix, and is applicable to the radiation problems since the wave functions are independent of the domain size. A 3D acoustic cavity is exemplified to show the properties of the method. The results show that the wave number method is more efficient than the BEM, and it is fairly accurate.     

车钩缓冲装置对轨道列车碰撞安全性的影响综述

从轨道列车车钩缓冲装置功能和失效原理、分类和标准、理论和应用与列车整体碰撞响应4个方面,梳理了近20年车钩缓冲装置在列车碰撞领域的研究方法和研究成果,总结了4个方面研究的优缺点与未来亟待解决的问题;从列车碰撞动力学的角度,阐述了车钩缓冲装置在列车碰撞中的作用,及其在车辆系统整体设计中的地位;基于欧盟、美国、日本与中国列车耐撞性和强度标准,介绍了车钩缓冲装置的子部件组成;从车钩缓冲装置理论模型在列车碰撞动力学模型和有限元模型的应用剖析其演化过程;基于当前国内外车钩缓冲装置的研究现状,指出未来轨道列车车钩缓冲装置的研究趋势和发展目标。研究结果表明：车钩缓冲装置是列车多级吸能系统中重要组成部分之一,需针对不同车钩缓冲装置类型建立不同的力学模型,准确反映缓冲器的非线性迟滞特性和压溃管的压溃吸能特性,以及车钩的运动关系;在国内外现行标准中,仅规定了车钩缓冲装置的静强度指标,且仅有货车车辆缓冲器的详细界定,缺乏中高速轨道车辆的车钩缓冲装置在动态场景下的载荷指标、能量上限等标准规范;胶泥、气液缓冲器具有比摩擦式缓冲器更好的碰撞力学性能,但其复杂的非线性特性描述依赖于准确的数学模型和试验,目前尚未对车钩缓冲装置数学模型的横向、垂向动态特性进行详细研究;应结合试验,加强研究车辆运行和碰撞过程中车钩缓冲装置的触发和失效稳定性,及其对列车纵向撞击响应的影响;中低速下较大的车钩缓冲装置刚度会导致非正常的垂向和横向响应,不同速度等级下车钩缓冲装置的力学特性和初始姿态对车辆碰撞机理的影响较大。     

双柱式桥墩刚度对桥梁地震响应分析

为研究桥墩刚度对高墩桥梁抗震性能的影响,以带溪高架桥为研究背景,利用midas-civil选波工具选取合适地震波,建立了一致激励地震作用下的连续梁桥,并考虑P-Δ效应和非线性的影响,分析桥墩高度、桥墩截面尺寸及形式对桥梁抗震影响。通过改变墩径（墩径由1.2 m变化至2.4 m）抗震分析表明双柱墩直径对墩顶位移影响效果并不明显,墩径过大会导致桥墩内力较大;对不同墩高（墩高由20 m变化至50 m）地震响应分析表明墩高对墩顶位移起到控制作用,但墩高变化对桥墩所受轴力影响不大;由于P-Δ效应和约束影响,全桥为中间高墩、两边矮墩时具有较小的地震响应;在墩高为30 m情况下,相对于薄壁墩和实体墩,双柱式墩具有较好的抗震性能。     

Feasibility study for the application of air inflated membrane structure in China National Stadium

China National Stadium, also known as “Bird’s Nest”, is the main stadium of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008, which has successfully held not only the Opening and the Closing ceremonies but also the track and field events. A new problem of rain preventing is brought out to improve the utilization of the Bird’s Nest after the Olympic Games. The scheme of installing an air inflated membrane at the opening of the steel structure is proposed in this paper to solve the rainproof problem of the Bird’s Nest. The form-finding and mechanical analyses of the air inflated membrane are carried out. Comparison between the mechanical performance and dynamical character before and after installing the air inflated membrane structure is given. To verify the analysis results, based on the practical structure of the Bird’s Nest, a test of a 1:20 model membrane is worked out.     

汽车碰撞计算机仿真分析方法的研究

首先,采用分离式仿真法,将基于整车结构正面碰撞计算模型所得的B柱减速度曲线作为碰撞加速度冲击波曲线,加载于台车试验环境中的乘员及其约束系统正面碰撞计算模型进行计算.其次,采用车身、乘员一体化仿真方法,计算实车碰撞环境中的包含乘员及其约束系统的整车正面碰撞计算模型.根据乘员头部和胸部的伤害值、车身耐撞性等评价指标,研究这两种计算方法结果的差异,进而探讨质量补偿法对计算成本低廉的分离算法的计算结果的优化程度.     

不平整路面上的汽车动荷载

考虑汽车侧倾因素在路面不平引起汽车动荷问题中的影响,建立了4自由度车辆模型,并据此模型实例分析计算了在路面波幅一定的情况下,汽车在不同波长路面上以不同车速行驶时产生的车辆动荷载。     

Security analysis of application layer protocols on wireless local area networks

This paper aims at analyzing the security issues that lie in the application layer (AL) protocols when users connect to the Internet via a wireless local area network (WLAN) through an access point. When adversaries launch deauthentication flood attacks cutting users’ connection, the connection managers will automatically research the last access point’s extended service set identifier (ESSID) and then re-establish connection. However, such re-connection can lead the users to a fake access point with the same ESSID set by attackers. As the attackers hide behind users’ access points, they can pass AL’s authentication and security schemes, e.g. secure socket layer (SSL). We have proved that they can even spy on users’ account details, passwords, data and privacy.     

Constrained submap algorithm for simultaneous localization and mapping

When solving the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), a standard extended Kalman filter (EKF) is subject to linearization errors and causes optimistic estimation. This paper proposes a submap algorithm, which builds a weighted least squares (WLS) constraint between two adjacent submaps according to the different estimations of the common features and the relationship between the vehicle poses in the corresponding submaps. By establishing the constraint equation after loop closing, re-linearization is implemented and each submap’s reference frame tends to its equilibrium position quickly. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm could get a globally consistent map and linearization errors are limited in local regions.     

基于DBNs的车辆悬架减振器异响鉴别方法

针对人工经验提取特征进行减振器异响鉴别的复杂性与不可扩展性的问题,分析了深度信念网络(deep belief networks,DBNs)在减振器异响鉴别中的应用,并结合减振器整车与台架试验提出了完整的减振器异响鉴别流程.该方法只需将收集到的减振器活塞杆顶端振动加速度信号作为输入,经过DBNs模型逐层特征学习便可进行减振器异响鉴别.同时将鉴别结果与经典的BP神经网络、支持向量机以及传统的3种人工特征提取方法进行对比分析.结果表明:在输入仅为原始信号的条件下,深度信念网络模型对减振器异响鉴别的准确率为96.7%,表明了深度信念网络在减振器异响甄别中的优越性,具有广泛的工程应用前景.