海冰基础知识及船舶冰区航行的注意事项

海冰是冬季影响港口作业、海上运输、船舶安全的重要因素,作者介绍了海冰的类型及特点、中国海域海冰发展周期及冰情特征,最后就船舶在冰区航行的准备工作及注意事项加以总结,以期对冬季船舶防冰、抗冰工作提供帮助和参考。     

船舶进出潍坊港及靠离12-14#泊位操纵要点

根据潍坊港的气象条件、水文条件和冬季海冰的特点,结合12#-14#泊位建设参数,提出了船舶进出港航行的航法和注意事项,以及船舶靠离泊作业时的要点,希望可以为初次靠泊潍坊港中港区的船舶提供行之有效的参考和建议,尽可能规避航行和靠离泊过程中存在的风险,提高船舶安全航行和作业的意识,保障船舶和港口安全。     

浅谈黄骅港冰期引航

黄骅港冬季冰情较为严重,其原因主要有海水密度低、滩宽水浅、处于下风向和港口设施的影响,严重的海冰灾害影响了港口的通航安全,增加了船舶引航的困难,本文提出了冰期船舶引航时的注意事项和航行、靠泊的方法。     

营口港冬季冰区拖轮领航

<正>船舶在冰区航行、锚泊由于受海冰影响操纵困难,走锚、航行受阻等情况极易发生,导致自身或与他船发生紧迫局面进而形成碰撞危险,在此种情况下,高效的拖轮领航至关重要,能够缓解冰对港口生产带来的不利影响和对进出港船带来的危害一、港口地理位置及港口冰情营口港核心港区是鲅鱼圈,位于冰情较严重的辽东湾东部、辽河口的南侧,岸型呈东北—西南走向,受冬季强北风和往复潮汐流的影响,     

以预防为主，做好海上防冰冻工作

海冰是渤海和黄海北部海区的自然灾害之一,由于冷冬气候影响,流冰非常严重,其会对港口水域助航设施及船舶航行安全造成严重危害,给海上救助工作增加相当大的难度。     

中国北方海域冰区航行船舶风险评估预警系统设计与开发

在深入调查研究海事主管部门和港航企业对海冰预警产品需求的基础上,根据自然灾害风险模糊综合评价理论和技术,建立可用于中国北方海域冰区航行船舶的风险预评估模型。使用ENVI软件对NASA的海冰卫星遥感实况和国家海洋局发布的海冰预报信息进行再处理,提取有关海冰密集度和厚度信息作为风险评估的背景场,进而提出冰区航行船舶风险状况动态评估预警系统的设计方案。仿真实例分析结果表明,该系统可动态、直观、有效地给出我国北方海域冰区航行船舶未来的风险状况,可作为保障船舶冰区航行安全的辅助决策产品,供海事主管部门、航运企业和港口生产调度部门使用。     

渤黄海冰情分析及应对策略

分析渤黄海海冰的特点和影响,结合我国港口和海上交通运输的特点,提出应对措施和建议：编制海冰灾害应急预案,科学应对自然灾害;健全海冰预报体系;适当增强抗冰能力;关注船舶航行安全;构建应急物流。     

冰载荷下的船舶运动建模

随着极地航道的开辟以及极地海洋能源开发的需要,海冰与船体的相互作用以及极地船舶航行与作业安全越来越受到关注。本文主要针对破冰过程的几个典型阶段,对冰载荷对船舶的作用力进行了分析与计算,并考察了破冰船在不同的海冰密集度、冰厚以及船舶不同航速情况下的不同影响。     

港口船舶引航风险与控制措施

港口船舶引航是指船舶在进出港口航行时为提高安全减少风险而被全球大部分港口采用的一种船舶驾驶模式,因为引航员对港口水域的码头、航道、水文、气象、通航环境、交通法规更加熟悉,由引航员指引的船舶相较于由船长自引的船舶在航行安全上是个大跨度的提升,因此世界上大部分港口对外轮都是强制引航的,然而,鉴于港内航行的复杂性,有引航员在船还不是保障船舶航行安全的完全解,引航作业依然受到诸多风险因素的影响,甚至产生危险,基于此点,本文对港口船舶引航的风险以及措施进行了分析,由于本人经验知识尚浅,在此抛砖引玉,还望各位同仁多多指教。     

北极东北航道关键水域通航环境及沿线主要港口

分析北极东北航道地缘政治,以及高纬、高寒等地理环境对船舶通信等航行设备的影响,结合北方海航段海域、海峡的海冰特点、通航条件,指出决定北极东北航道开通的关键水域和海峡,并搜集整理了东北航道沿线主要港口的通航条件及功能。     

海难再次提醒我们注意冰区航行

结合“埃德蒙顿”号在白令海冰困遇难的教训,建议船舶应谨慎进入冰区;同时对从事冰区航行的船舶应做的准备、冰区航行的方法以及冰困后的救助措施进行了论述。     

Characteristics and potential impacts of under-ice river plumes in the seasonally ice-covered Bothnian Bay (Baltic Sea)

The northernmost basin of the Baltic Sea, the Bothnian Bay, is ice-covered for about half the year. During this time, distinct under-ice river plumes develop, even seaward of the smallest rivers, that are substantially thicker and larger in extent than during the summer months. Wind mixing is negligible, and during late spring in April or May, the highest annual discharge occur while the sea is ice covered, thus providing conditions for the formation of extensive under-ice plumes. These plumes are characterised by high levels of trace elements (e.g., Al, Fe and Zn), organic matter (TOC and dissolved organic carbon [DOC]), nutrients and also optically active substances (colored dissolved organic matter, CDOM). The under-ice plumes provide an important pathway for undiluted transport of land-derived substances to the pelagic waters of the basin, affecting the salinity, chemistry and optical properties of coastal waters. Freshwater ice growth on the underside of an existing sea ice sheet also restricts the buildup of sea ice and under-ice algal communities, potentially in large areas along the coasts. Plume water influences the optical characteristics of coastal waters for a period of time after ice break-up, potentially affecting primary production in these areas. Furthermore, the formation of under-ice plumes potentially has a positive feedback on the ice season length due to freshening of the coastal waters (earlier freeze-up) and restricted oceanic heat flux (slower melting).     

Economic feasibility of an NSR/SCR-combined container service on the Asia-Europe lane: a new approach dynamically considering sea ice extent

The trend towards global warming and the rapid decline in the extent of summer Arctic sea ice over recent years has increased the feasibility of international Arctic shipping. In this study we propose a seasonal NSR (North Sea Route)/SCR (Suez Canal Route)-combined shipping service linking Shanghai and Rotterdam, using the Northern Sea Route during the economical navigable window but using the traditional Suez Canal Route at other times. Different from the previous literatures, this paper dynamically considers the sea ice extent in the model, which is more reasonable for the assessment of Arctic container shipping, because fuel consumption is highly related to ship speed, while ship speed is determined by the relative distances of ice-covered and ice-free route stages. A new approach is developed to predict the time points at which the ship enters and exits the ice-covered stage, given that both the ship position and the extent of sea ice are constantly changing. The results show that the NSR/SCR-combined Arctic container service can be more economical than the SCR, given lower NSR tariffs.     

不同敏感性参数下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应

基于我国第七次北极科学考察获得的夏季北极海冰空间分布情况,模拟真实碎冰分布,采用LS-DYNA软件中的流固耦合方法,研究在船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度等因素影响下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应。结合试验数据得到船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力。结果表明：船舶-碎冰的主要碰撞区域为艏部及舷侧的水线附近;在船舶航行于碎冰域时,船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力的峰值随碎冰域的船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度的增加而增加,但分布情况不同。研究结果为船舶在极地冰区航行提供一定的安全性参考。     

Dilated-polyhedron-based DEM analysis of the ice resistance on ship hulls in escort operations in level ice

The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given.     

锥体海洋平台结构冰荷载的离散单元分析

在冰区油气开发中,锥体结构可以有效降低冰力,避免强烈的冰激振动,是目前渤海油气平台的主要结构形式。为研究海冰与锥体结构的相互作用过程,文章建立了适用于模拟海冰破碎特性的离散单元模型。该模型将海冰离散为若干个具有粘接-破碎功能的颗粒单元,并通过海冰弯曲试验确定了单元间的粘接强度;然后对海冰与锥体结构的作用过程进行了数值计算,获得了相应的动冰荷载及冰振响应;在此基础上讨论了不同锥角影响下冰荷载及结构振动响应的变化规律。结果表明,水平方向冰荷载及结构冰振响应随锥角的增加明显增加,而竖直方向冰荷载则显著降低。该离散单元模型还可进一步应用于不同类型抗冰结构的冰荷载分析,有助于解决冰区结构物的抗冰结构设计和冰致疲劳分析。     

基于SPH方法的连续式破冰数值模拟

根据海冰的力学性质,采用光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法建立海冰本构模型,模拟冰锥实验并与实验结果对比,对冰材料模型准确性进行验证.利用显式动力分析软件LS-DYNA模拟破冰船连续式破冰,得到了海冰的损伤变形和破冰阻力,同时研究了船舶航速和海冰厚度等参数对冰载荷的影响.分析研究表明:应用SPH方法建立的海冰模型能够真实的反映海冰的力学性能,对连续式破冰过程实现较为准确的模拟,为船冰碰撞的数值模拟提供了新思路.     

Protist entrapment in newly formed sea ice in the Coastal Arctic Ocean

Protist abundance and taxonomic composition were determined in four development stages of newly formed sea ice (new ice, nilas, young ice and thin first-year ice) and in the underlying surface waters of the Canadian Beaufort Sea from 30 September to 19 November 2003. Pico- and nanoalgae were counted by flow cytometry whereas photosynthetic and heterotrophic protists ≥ 4 µm were identified and counted by inverted microscopy. Protists were always present in sea ice and surface water samples throughout the study period. The most abundant protists in sea ice and surface waters were cells < 4 µm. They were less abundant in sea ice (418–3051 × 10³ cells L^− 1) than in surface waters (1393–5373 × 10³ cells L^− 1). In contrast, larger protists (≥ 4 µm) were more abundant in sea ice (59–821 × 10³ cells L^− 1) than in surface waters (22–256 × 10³ cells L^− 1). These results suggest a selective incorporation of larger cells into sea ice. The ≥ 4 µm protist assemblage was composed of a total number of 73 taxa, including 12 centric diatom species, 7 pennate diatoms, 11 dinoflagellates and 16 flagellates. The taxonomic composition in the early stage of ice formation (i.e., new ice) was very similar to that observed in surface waters and was composed of a mixed population of nanoflagellates (Prasinophyceae and Prymnesiophyceae), diatoms (mainly Chaetoceros species) and dinoflagellates. In older stages of sea ice (i.e., young ice and thin first-year ice), the taxonomic composition became markedly different from that of the surface waters. These older ice samples contained relatively fewer Prasinophyceae and more unidentified nanoflagellates than the younger ice. Diatom resting spores and dinoflagellate cysts were generally more abundant in sea ice than in surface waters. However, further studies are needed to determine the importance of this winter survival strategy in Arctic sea ice. This study clearly shows the selective incorporation of large cells (≥ 4 µm) in newly formed sea ice and the change in the taxonomic composition of protists between sea ice and surface waters as the fall season progresses.     

冰区航行船舶冰阻力研究方法综述

船舶在冰区航行时的冰阻力性能一直是国内外关注和研究的重点。冰阻力的研究主要集中在经验方法、数值模拟和实验研究三个方面。同时,由于冰区船舶在航行过程中频繁地与冰层或浮冰产生碰撞,海冰的材料结构和力学性质对冰阻力的研究有重要影响。文章从冰的物理力学特性出发,简要回顾几种重要的冰本构关系模型及其适用性;并从经验方法及试验与数值模拟相结合两个角度,回顾和讨论浮冰区和平整冰区中船舶的冰阻力性能研究进展;最后,基于研究现状提出尚需进一步解决的问题。文章旨在介绍冰区船舶冰阻力性能的研究进展,望能为后续冰阻力研究提供参考。