钙质砂渗透性能研究现状及展望

我国南海岛礁大多为珊瑚岛礁,礁体上层通常为珊瑚碎块、砾石和珊瑚砂,是一种富含碳酸钙或其它难溶碳酸盐类物质的特殊岩土介质,称为钙质砂。钙质砂的工程特性与陆源砂有很大差异,研究其特殊的工程地质特性,对南海岛礁开发建设具有重要意义。钙质砂的渗透特性是其重要的力学性质指标,影响工程地基稳定和地下淡水形成,但目前对渗透特性的研究还较少。文章介绍了多孔介质渗流理论,综述了钙质砂的渗透特性研究现状,并通过室内常水头渗透试验证明了现有研究的不足,提出了建议,对钙质砂渗透特性研究具有一定的参考价值。     

舰艇珊瑚礁区航行方法和注意事项

<正>0引言珊瑚岛礁由造礁珊瑚和其他生物的碳酸钙骨骼长年累月堆积在一起形成。热带珊瑚礁主要分布在南北纬30°之间的海域中,尤以太平洋中西部为多。世界上比较著名的珊瑚礁区有澳大利亚东北海岸的大堡礁、印度洋中部的马尔代夫群岛等。我国的珊瑚礁区主要分布在南海的东沙群岛、西沙群岛、中沙群岛和南沙群岛等处。近年来,为维护国家的海洋权益,我国海军针对南海珊瑚礁区的巡逻力度正逐步加大,舰艇赴珊瑚礁区     

断头孤礁险滩整治方法研究

断头孤礁是指礁石与上游床面之间的河床存在较深凹陷,礁石头部形似断裂,河床纵向存在剧烈起伏的河心孤立礁石。由于特殊边界断头的存在,使得孤礁险滩水流条件更为复杂,仍采用一般孤礁险滩的常规整治方法难以达到良好效果。以三峡回水变动区重庆主城河段的砖灶子滩为例,运用河工模型试验开展断头孤礁险滩整治方法的试验研究,提出采用炸礁结合潜鱼嘴连接坝的工程措施整治断头孤礁险滩,可达到较好的整治效果。     

波浪在珊瑚礁坪上传播的水槽试验研究

为研究波浪在珊瑚礁上的传播规律,分析波浪传至礁缘后破碎及传播情况,为设计波要素的确定提供参考依据。试验模拟了常年平均波浪和重现期50 a两种波浪条件。试验结果表明:波浪沿传播方向在礁坪边缘附近破碎后继续向坪内传播,并达到波面稳定状态,礁坪上的波浪传播特性表现为礁缘处波浪易破碎和礁坪上波浪衰减较快;波浪破碎表现为行进波破碎,且小于波浪在一般缓坡地形上的破碎指标,破碎波高水深比(Hb/d)约为0.5附近,重现期50 a大浪时礁缘处最大可达0.76。     

生态礁体布置形式对水流特征的影响

为满足生态需求，生态礁群内需要营造具有特定要求的水动力环境，且结构内部不能淤堵。在淤积型潮间带，需要通过合理的礁体布置，并在波浪作用下实现。针对生态礁体格栅面迎浪对齐摆放、中空面迎浪对齐摆放和交错摆放3种布置方式，通过断面物理模型试验研究生态礁体场内水流形态、流速分布特征。结果表明：1）在波浪作用下，礁体结构内外侧流场均呈三维特征，礁体群内各点流速衰减总体上呈均匀递减的形态。2）在平常波浪条件下，中空迎浪对齐摆放方式流速衰减至0.5～1.0 m/s，较好地符合了生态礁体场内流速的要求。     

海岛(礁)航海保障测量技术简析

开展海岛(礁)航海保障测绘,既是完善我国海洋测绘基础数据,适应航海保障测绘数字化、信息化、网络化和现代化发展需要,也是航海保障职责之所在,有助于保障船舶航行安全,促进海洋经济发展,服务国家海洋战略。本文通过论述实施海岛(礁)的技术,分析不同环境条件下如何开展海岛(礁)测量,为实际作业提供参考和借鉴,力争促进海岛(礁)测量不断发展。     

基于OpenFOAM的礁坪上波浪底部切应力数值模拟研究

文章基于OpenFOAM的两相流求解器OlaFlow建立了考虑壁面函数边界条件的礁盘地形数值波浪水槽，利用礁盘地形上波浪传播物模试验结果验证了所建数模的可靠性。通过验证后的模型进行了不同入射波要素和水深条件下波浪在礁盘地形上传播的数值模拟，分析了波浪底部切应力在礁坪上的沿程变化，以及相对水深、入射波高和波周期对波浪底部切应力的影响。结果表明：随着礁坪上相对水深的增大，向岸和离岸切应力呈减小趋势；随着入射波高和周期增大，向岸和离岸切应力呈增大趋势；向岸切应力最大值主要出现在礁缘后方，随入射波周期增大，向岸切应力最大值出现位置向礁缘后方移动；离岸切应力最大值主要出现在礁缘处。     

马尔代夫某项目礁灰岩的强度及变形特性研究

本文结合某珊瑚环礁上的实际工程,通过现场和室内试验相结合的方法,对礁灰岩强度及变形特性进行了全面的测试分析,通过对礁灰岩的物理力学参数进行统计分析,提出了利用易获取的纵波波速和点荷载强度指数估算软弱礁灰岩单轴抗压强度和弹性模量的经验方程,具有较高的可靠性,可为礁灰岩力学特性研究和礁岛工程建设提供借鉴。     

规则波作用下珊瑚礁直立式护岸波浪力大比尺模型实验研究

基于大比尺波浪水槽试验,采用弗劳德相似准则,按照1:15的模型比尺,开展了规则波作用下珊瑚礁地形上的波浪和直立式护岸的相互作用的研究,在不同水深和波浪条件下,测量了直立式护岸所受压强,并与规范值进行对比。实验结果表明实验测量值明显大于规范计算值;直立式护岸所受压强值与入射波波高和礁坪水深正相关,随护岸距礁缘距离增大而减小。通过将时均水深、增水、护岸距礁缘的距离无量纲化跟无量纲压强进行分析,得出结果表明当礁坪上水深足够深、护岸距礁缘距离小于0.5倍的波长的时候,所受压强只和入射波高有关;而波浪在礁坪上的增水越高,直立式护岸所受到的压强越大。因此综合考虑了周期、礁坪水深、增水和距离,拟合出基于该实验中筑堤珊瑚礁地形的直立式护岸波浪力估算公式,拟合公式计算精度高于现有规范公式。     

南海风浪环境统计特性分析方法研究

利用WRF气象模式对南海风场进行了数值后报,并以此为驱动场,采用SWAN海浪模式对南海海浪进行了数值模拟研究,得到连续20年的南海风浪资料。通过与观测资料进行对比验证,发现模拟数据与实测数据匹配较好。在此基础上,利用风浪后报数据分析了南海风浪长期统计特征。通过不同分布模型统计结果对比分析,选取误差最小的P-Ⅲ型方法对南海风浪极值条件进行了不同重现期推算,为南海海洋工程设计提供基础数据和科学支持。     

西沙永兴岛旅游码头开发建设思路与探索

南海诸岛是中国的固有领土,积极稳妥地开发南海岛礁特别是西沙旅游是中国的必然选择。根据实地调研情况,针对西沙永兴岛旅游码头建设方案与下一阶段开发西沙旅游的框架思路进行初步探索。     

Designing a Network of Coral Reef Marine Protected Areas in Hainan Island,South China

Overexploitation of reef resources and increasing coastal tourism have severely damaged the health of coral reef ecosystems around Hainan Island, South China. Only some reef sites are protected, and the effectiveness of the marine protected areas (MPA) appears inadequate. Networks of MPAs have been widely proposed as a more effective tool for reef conservation. However, little is known about the overall state of the island's coral reefs, and no guidelines exist for MPA network building in China. In this study, the information currently available on the distribution and condition of Hainan's coral reefs is comprehensively used to assess reef status, and to identify other reef areas prior to protection. An MPA network around the island is proposed in terms of monitoring, legal, and management aspects to improve the conservation effectiveness. This could also serve as a model for developing MPA networks for other coastal areas with respect to coral reef conservation.     

苏丹红海沿岸珊瑚岩土层地基承载力探讨

珊瑚岩土层是一种主要分布于南、北回归线热带海洋中的特殊岩土类型,由造礁珊瑚群体死亡后聚集的沉积建造,其具有多孔性、脆性。同时,珊瑚岩土层在分布上具有软硬交替的规律。通过分析苏丹红海沿岸的珊瑚岩土层的分布规律及工程特性,探讨该地区的珊瑚岩土层地基承载力的取值问题。     

高喷止水帷幕在珊瑚礁中的应用

介绍高压旋喷桩在具有较高孔隙度和较强透水性的珊瑚礁基坑止水中的应用情况,论述了在这种特殊地质情况下采用高喷注浆进行止水的可行性,并通过实例进行了验证,为解决珊瑚礁地层的防渗提供了一些有用的经验。     

Impact of coastal construction on coral reefs in the U.S.‐affiliated pacific Islands

Abstract

During the past century, traditional ownership, control, and use of coral reef habitats in the U.S.‐affiliated islands in the Pacific have declined, exposing them to increased construction for plantation, transportation, military, urban, aquaculture, fisheries, mineral, and resort development. Dredging, filling, and other construction in coral reef and related ecosystems are expected to continue at high levels. Collectively, these activities have resulted in major adverse ecological impacts, many of which can be avoided or reduced to minor levels. Improvements in the design, siting, and construction of coastal projects can be accomplished by early integration of environmental objectives. Ecological baseline surveys; environmental impact assessments; regulatory conditions; guidelines and standards during construction; monitoring of construction; post‐construction evaluation; and long‐range research, planning, and management are among the most useful of the environmental tools to describe reefs and to identify measures to reduce or avoid adverse impacts on coral reefs.     

The Reimplementation of the Ra'ui: Coral Reef Management in Rarotonga,Cook Islands

This research focuses on coral reef health in the South Pacific region, an area of high global coral diversity. Coral reef health surrounding two study sites in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, has been assessed in areas that have not been previously surveyed. Each study site has distinct differences based upon marine management practices. Marine management practices are identified and described and some historical reasons as why they exist are discussed. Data are also presented on the ecological condition (coral coverage, number of coral species, clonal condition, disease, and presence and absence of bioindicators). This interdisciplinary research methodology includes both ecological and social data collection to further understand human- environment interactions. In comparing the reefs with different management practices, I argue that the implementation of traditional marine social institutions as exemplified in this case study of the Ra'ui in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, is an effective conservation management tool and is improving coral reef health. The Ra'ui site has significantly higher species diversity/Mortality Index ( F = 2.63).     

半潜式平台结构疲劳特征研究

本文研究2种典型结构形式半潜平台在不同海域结构应力长期分布特征。对比中国南海典型波浪散布与墨西哥湾典型波浪散布特征,计算两海域平台结构应力响应,得到平台结构应力范围长期Weibull分布形状参数。中国南海典型环境条件对于双下浮体式半潜平台结构波浪应力长期Weibull分布形状参数不大于1,对于环形浮箱半潜平台结构波浪应力长期Weibull分布形状参数不大于1.05,为针对中国南海应用简化疲劳分析方法分析半潜式平台结构疲劳寿命提供依据。同时,计算得到两类典型半潜式平台在墨西哥湾典型环境条件下结构波浪应力长期Weibull分布形状参数值不大于0.8的结论,证实对于半潜式平台的疲劳设计,南海疲劳海况较墨西哥湾海况更恶劣。     

珊瑚礁工程地质特性分析

随着人类开发建设活动越来越多,遇到了很多有关珊瑚礁的岩土工程问题。掌握珊瑚礁的工程地质特性是解决类似工程问题的关键。结合南海、加勒比海区域工程实例,现场与室内试验相结合,对珊瑚礁的分类、结构、物理力学性质及其应用进行总结分析,为类似地质条件的工程项目提供借鉴作用。     

Analysis and Potential Alternatives for the Disputed South China Sea from Ocean Governance in the Polar Regions

Sovereignty claims over insular features and maritime jurisdiction in the South China Sea have been disputed for decades, and a governance regime to address ocean-related issues is urgently needed. This article first introduces the notion of a regime, and examines details of cooperation mechanisms in the Polar Regions. Lessons that can be applied to the South China Sea include that both soft and hard law regimes work to bring States concerned together to cooperate on the “commons” issues even when military conflicts or sovereignty disputes still exist. Consensus among bordering States would be necessary to make the South China Sea a “zone of peace.” Mechanisms that accommodate the various sovereignty claims and freeze existing and new claims to, as well as to prohibit military activities in, the South China Sea are recommended. Lastly, if a cooperative mechanism were to be established in the future, the Arctic regime would be more applicable to the South China Sea than the Antarctic regime due to their geographic nature. Thus, only States bordering the South China Sea should have voting and decision-making rights in the cooperative mechanism. As always, the political will of all parties is paramount to the success of such an endeavor.     

珠江口水域航标灯塔桩设计与施工刍议

文中根据交通运输部南海航海保障中心广州航标处(以下简称“广州航标处”)辖区航标灯塔桩建设情况,结合笔者建设管理经验,对常用的几类航标灯塔桩材质特性及结构设计进行了总结分析,并提出了基础设计及施工管理方面的一些建议。