A yaw-moment control method based on a vehicle's lateral jerk information

Previously, a new control concept called ‘G-vectoring control (GVC)’ to improve vehicle agility and stability was developed. GVC is an automatic longitudinal acceleration control method that responds to vehicle lateral jerk caused by the driver's steering manoeuvres. In this paper, a new yaw-moment control method, which generates a stabilising moment during the GVC command and has positive acceleration value and the driver's accelerator pedal input is zero, was proposed. A new hybrid control, which comprises GVC, electric stability control and this new control, was constructed, and it was installed in a test vehicle and tested on a snowy surface. The very high potential for improvement in both agility and stability was confirmed.     

Automotive steering system preferences evaluated using a driving simulator

The automotive steering system is the primary channel through which road and vehicle behavior feedback is transmitted to the driver. While the driver provides directional platform control through the steering wheel, perceptions of the vehicle’s handling responsiveness are simultaneously transmitted back to the driver allowing for correction of any instabilities the vehicle may encounter. Based on these factors, drivers often pay special attention to the steering system when deciding what vehicle to purchase. Therefore, a significant amount of effort and time is invested in attempting to determine the optimal design of steering system components and configurations. In this study, the determination of an optimal steering configuration was attempted based on responses obtained from questionnaires that subjects answered. The questions were designed to evaluate the degree of satisfaction regarding the “control”, “ease of operation”, and “fun” participants experienced after each driving run. During the study, human subjects drove a driving simulator for 15 combinations of 3 different roadway environments and 5 different steering configurations, filling out a questionnaire after each scenario. The subjects were also classified as a type of driver (“utility”, “enthusiast”, and/or “performance”). The study attempted to determine if the mean values of questionnaire responses for “control”, “ease”, and “fun” type of questions changed as the scenario and/or driver type changed. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if the mean values of the three types of questions were statistically different. The overall results suggest that the average responses for vehicle “control”, “ease”, and the “fun” type of questions were dependent on the type of roadway environment; however, only the responses for “fun” type of questions were influenced by the given steering configurations. Indeed, the steering system can impact the driver’s perceptions of the vehicle’s operational experience.     

Driver propensity characterization for different forward collision warning times

The forward collision warning system, which warns danger to the driver after sensing possibility of crash in advance, has been actively studied recently. Such systems developed until now give a warning, regardless of driver’s driving propensity. However, it’s not reasonable to give a warning to every driver at the same time because drivers are different in driving propensity. In this study, to give a warning to each driver differently, three metrics classifying driver’s driving propensity were developed by using the driving data on a testing ground. These three metrics are the predicted time headway, required deceleration divided by the deceleration of the leading vehicle, and the resultant acceleration divided by the deceleration of the leading vehicle. Driving propensity was divided into 3 groups by using these metrics for braking and steering cases. In addition, these metrics were verified by making sure that braking propensity could be classified on public roads as well.     

考虑预碰撞时间的自动紧急制动系统分层控制策略研究

为提升汽车的主动安全,对车辆自动紧急制动系统控制策略进行研究。利用分层控制的思想对控制策略进行建模,上层控制器为对车辆制动减速度进行决策的预碰撞时间模型,根据汽车追尾事故深度调查的驾驶员紧急制动数据分析制动系统的制动减速度,在考虑舒适性的条件下确定预碰撞时间阈值。下层控制器按照上层控制器输出的制动减速度,分析车辆轮胎模型和制动系统的关系,通过PID控制调节制动压力对车辆进行控制。在安全评价规程标准工况下验证控制策略的可靠性,通过追尾事故场景的重建来验证控制策略的有效性。仿真结果表明:设计的控制策略在相对车速65km/h以内时能有效避撞,而高于65km/h时能最大程度地降低碰撞车速,减小伤害。     

Development of a rear-end collision avoidance system with automatic brake control

We have studied active safety technologies from the standpoint of “collision avoidance”. This paper describes a rear-end collision avoidance system with automatic brake control, which avoids a collision to the vehicle in front caused by inadvertent human errors using automatic emergency braking. The system is comprised of four key technological elements, headway distance measurement using scanning laser radar, path estimation algorithm with vehicle dynamics, collision prediction to the vehicle in front by a safe/danger decision algorithm, and longitudinal automatic brake control.     

ISG hybrid powertrain: a rule-based driver model incorporating look-ahead information

According to European regulations, if the amount of regenerative braking is determined by the travel of the brake pedal, more stringent standards must be applied, otherwise it may adversely affect the existing vehicle safety system. The use of engine or vehicle speed to derive regenerative braking is one way to avoid strict design standards, but this introduces discontinuity in powertrain torque when the driver releases the acceleration pedal or applies the brake pedal. This is shown to cause oscillations in the pedal input and powertrain torque when a conventional driver model is adopted. Look-ahead information, together with other predicted vehicle states, are adopted to control the vehicle speed, in particular, during deceleration, and to improve the driver model so that oscillations can be avoided. The improved driver model makes analysis and validation of the control strategy for an integrated starter generator (ISG) hybrid powertrain possible.     

基于双模式执行器的商用车自适应巡航控制系统

为实现商用车自适应巡航控制(ACC)系统的功能,开发了双模式制动执行装置和电子油门控制装置,即基于高速开关阀的商用车气压电控辅助制动系统和双模式油门控制系统,可以实现驾驶员和ACC系统的协同切换控制。在此基础上,以某商用车为对象,设计了ACC系统,结合比例-积分控制器和Smith预估补偿器设计了ACC的下位控制算法。结果表明:该ACC系统速度稳态跟踪误差小于1 m.s-1,距离稳态跟踪误差小于1.5 m;同时油门执行器和制动执行器具有安装方便、与原车电子油门及气压制动系统兼容性好的优点。     

Feedback brake distribution control for minimum pitch

The distribution of brake forces between front and rear axles of a vehicle is typically specified such that the same level of brake force coefficient is imposed at both front and rear wheels. This condition is known as ‘ideal’ distribution and it is required to deliver the maximum vehicle deceleration and minimum braking distance. For subcritical braking conditions, the deceleration demand may be delivered by different distributions between front and rear braking forces. In this research we show how to obtain the optimal distribution which minimises the pitch angle of a vehicle and hence enhances driver subjective feel during braking. A vehicle model including suspension geometry features is adopted. The problem of the minimum pitch brake distribution for a varying deceleration level demand is solved by means of a model predictive control (MPC) technique. To address the problem of the undesirable pitch rebound caused by a full-stop of the vehicle, a second controller is designed and implemented independently from the braking distribution in use. An extended Kalman filter is designed for state estimation and implemented in a high fidelity environment together with the MPC strategy. The proposed solution is compared with the reference ‘ideal’ distribution as well as another previous feed-forward solution.     

Development of a path planning system using mean shift algorithm for driver assistance

The longitudinal and lateral vehicle control techniques have been widely used in several active driver assistance systems. The adaptive cruise control, lane keeping assistant control, vehicle platooning and stop-and-go control are typical examples of the most important applications. In this study, a novel path planning method is proposed considering the driving environment such as road shape, ego vehicle and surrounding vehicles’ movement. The relative distance and velocity between the ego vehicle and surrounding vehicles are identified with respect to the predicted lane shape in front of the ego vehicle. Based on the identified information, the road shape and surrounding vehicles are mapped into the intensity image and the desired vector for the ego vehicle’s movement is determined by the maximum intensity density tracing method. The desired vehicle path is followed by the acceleration/deceleration control and the steering assist control, respectively. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system, simulations are conducted and compared with ACC systems.     

重型汽车电子制动系统(EBS)应用

EBS系统作为制动系统的重要构成,能够给重卡车型提供快速、稳定和合理的制动性能,其也是重型汽车自动驾驶系统中的重要组成部分,能够为车辆提供线控制动的相关控制接口,能够快速响应其他系统(如智能驾驶控制系统)的减速和制动请求。本文主要介绍重型汽车EBS电子制动系统的组成、系统电路,以及制动控制的相关内容,为重型汽车的后期自动驾驶的开发和应用提供支持。     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

Driver curve speed model and its application to ACC speed control in curved roads

A speed control algorithm for an ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control) system for curved roads is proposed based on driver behavior characteristics. As the foundation of this research, a driver speed model for curved roads is developed using a series of experimental data regarding driver behavior. To adapt the model to each driver’s individual curve speed behavior, the coefficients of the model are identified in real time from the data sequences collected during drivers’ manual operation stage by a self-learning algorithm based on a Recursive Least-Square (RLS) method with a forgetting factor. Using this algorithm, the parameters of the driver model can be identified from the data collected in the manual operation phase, and the identification results are applied during the ACC automatic control phase. Based on the developed model, the ACC speed control algorithm is modified to provide each individual driver with a customized speed profile for the scenario of a curved road with no car ahead. Tests verify the applicability of the modified system.     

一种电动汽车制动能量回收系统研究

文章以某款纯电动车制动能量回收系统为研究对象,首先,设计一种电液助力系统,阐述其结构方案和工作原理,接着基于该电液助力系统开展纯电动车串行制动能量回收系统设计研究,包括结构方案、控制方案、电气方案;实现在某款纯电动车产品上的搭载应用开发,结果表明,基于该电液助力系统的纯电动车能量回收系统,实现车辆在制动或减速阶段,机械-液压制动力与电机回馈制动力实时协调,最大限度地回收制动能量,并且获得较好的制动稳定性和“踏板感”,单个ECE循环工况经济性贡献率最高达28.9%。     

Closed-loop analysis of vehicle behavior during braking in a turn

This paper discusses an analysis of “driver-vehicle” behavior during braking in a turn. In this study, a new braking model was developed in consideration of actual driver's operation, and experiments were conducted on mountain roads to identify one novice and one skilled driver's braking model parameters.The computer simulations have shown the following tendency. The novice driver needed more compensatory steering operation than the skilled driver to trace the course. A controlled braking force distribution was particularly effective for the novice driver.     

车辆转弯制动横向轨迹控制驾驶员模型研究

为了较为真实地反映车辆转弯制动工况,建立了含Pacejka"魔术公式"非线性联合工况轮胎模型的4轮8自由度车辆系统模型,并基于预瞄跟随理论、加速度反馈控制和模糊PID控制技术建立了车辆转弯制动横向轨迹控制驾驶员模型。针对不同初始速度和制动强度,利用MATLAB/Simulink进行了横向轨迹控制仿真分析。分析结果表明,驾驶员控制模型能很好地跟踪横向轨迹,模型的可行性和有效性得到验证,同时不同仿真条件下结果的一致性也说明该控制方法具有较强的自适应能力和鲁棒性,为进一步研究复杂工况下的驾驶员模型及横向轨迹控制提供了一条可行的途径。     

基于横向安全距离模型的主动避障算法

现有的安全距离模型是基于纵向相对车速或减速度值建立的,没有考虑移动目标的横向运动特性。本文利用移动目标横穿马路的速度、相对位置,建立横向安全距离模型,并提出一种基于横向安全距离模型的主动避障算法。首先,根据横向移动目标横穿马路的速度、相对位置和自车的制动距离建立横向安全距离模型,设计主动避障算法。接着,为计及路面条件对制动效果的影响,引入当前行驶路面估算的附着系数峰值估算最大制动减速度,约束目标避障减速度,并调整制动强度,以适应不同路况的安全避障行驶。最后,以典型横向移动目标骑行者作为研究对象,通过PreScan/Simulink/CarSim联合仿真验证避障算法的有效性。结果表明:基于横向安全距离模型的主动避障算法能有效避免与骑行者碰撞,提高行车的主动安全性。     

A new shared control for lane keeping and road departure prevention

In recent years, the driver's active assistances have become important features in commercialised vehicles. In this paper, we present one of these features which consists of an advanced driver assistance system for lane keeping. A thorough analysis of its performance and stability with respect to variations in driver behaviour will be given. Firstly, the lateral control model based on visual preview is established and the kinematics model based on visual preview, including speed and other factors, is used to calculate the lateral error and direction error. Secondly, and according to the characteristics of the lateral control, an efficient strategy of intelligent electric vehicle lateral mode is proposed. The integration of the vehicle current lateral error and direction error is chosen as the parameter of the sliding mode switching function to design the sliding surface. The control variables are adjusted according to the fuzzy control rules to ensure that they meet the existence and reaching condition. A new fuzzy logic-based switching strategy with an efficient control law is also proposed to ensure a level of continuous and variable sharing according to the state of the driver and the vehicle positioning on the roadway. The proposed control law acts either at the centre of the lane, as a lane keeping assistance system to reduce the driver's workload for long trips, or as a lane departure avoidance system that intervenes for unintended lane departures. Simulation results are included in this paper to explain this concept.     

A driver-adaptive stability control strategy for sport utility vehicles

Conventional vehicle stability control (VSC) systems are designed for average drivers. For a driver with a good driving skill, the VSC systems may be redundant; for a driver with a poor driving skill, the VSC intervention may be inadequate. To increase safety of sport utility vehicles (SUVs), this paper proposes a novel driver-adaptive VSC (DAVSC) strategy based on scaling the target yaw rate commanded by the driver. The DAVSC system is adaptive to drivers’ driving skills. More control effort would be exerted for drivers with poor driving skills, and vice versa. A sliding mode control (SMC)-based differential braking (DB) controller is designed using a three degrees of freedom (DOF) yaw-plane model. An eight DOF nonlinear yaw-roll model is used to simulate the SUV dynamics. Two driver models, namely longitudinal and lateral, are used to ‘drive’ the virtual SUV. By integrating the virtual SUV, the DB controller, and the driver models, the performance of the DAVSC system is investigated. The simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the DAVSC strategy.     

Development of an autonomous braking system using the predicted stopping distance

An autonomous braking system is designed using the prediction of the stopping distance. The stopping distance needs to be determined by considering several factors such as the desired deceleration and the speed of the hydraulic brake actuator. In particular, the actuator speed is very critical because it affects the shape of the deceleration response and it determines the accuracy of the predicted stopping distance. The autonomous braking control algorithm is designed based on the predicted stopping distance. The proposed autonomous braking system has been validated in autonomous vehicle tests and demonstrates that the subject vehicle can avoid the collision effectively.