基于轮荷分析的车辆稳态转向特性虚拟仿真

借助虚拟样机仿真技术,发现某预研项目车辆具有过多转向趋势,在全面分析车轴左右轮荷变化的基础上,深入探讨了车辆转向特性的影响因素．针对本项目提出可通过加粗前悬架横向稳定杆直径的办法来获得车辆的不足转向特性。通过对多种匹配方案的仿真分析和对比权衡,并结合国标对稳态回转实验的评价打分方法,最终确定把前后悬架侧倾角刚度之比由1．17增加到1．96,此时车辆的过度转向趋势得以消除,并具有了适度的不足转向特性。     

整车不足转向特性影响因素研究

文章分析了悬架KC特性、轮胎力学特性对车辆不足转向特性的影响,其中悬架侧倾转向、侧向力转向、回正力矩转向及轮胎侧偏刚度对整车不足转向特性有重要贡献,而轮胎垂向载荷及复合工况下纵向滑移率则对轮胎侧偏刚度有明显影响,进而改变整车不足转向特性,为底盘开发提供了重要的理论依据。     

扭转梁后悬架C特性对转向特性的影响分析

为分析扭转梁C特性对稳态转向性能的影响,文章以模态综合法建立了某乘用车扭转梁后悬柔性模型,对建立的原型车进行侧向力C特性仿真,与对标车进行对比发现仿真与试验值存大较大差异,且侧向力前束特性存在较大的过度转向趋势.通过优化安装衬套的刚度使得原型车与试验结果吻合,最后对整车进行稳态回转仿真发现,负的前束侧向力特性不利于转向,优化后的模型提高了整车不足转向.     

转向系统特性参数对中心转向区车辆性能的影响

在总结中心转向区性能评价标准的基础上,建立了较完善的转向系统模型,将其嵌入到整车模型中,研究了转向系统参数对中心转向区性能的影响.通过中心转向区转向试验与仿真分析数据可知,转向系统传动比、干摩擦、刚度等特性参数直接影响驾驶员的驾驶疲劳度、驾驶路感和车辆的转向灵敏性.     

汽车操纵稳定性的中间位置转向试验

操纵稳定性中间位置转向试验最初是由美国德尔福公司制定的，是汽车在高速行驶条件下操纵性和稳定性的重要评价方法。通过试验的原始数据可以绘制出转向盘转角与侧向加速度、转向盘力矩与侧向加速度、转向盘力矩与转向盘转角等多条特性曲线，以作为不同的评价指标。以CAll41载货汽车作为实例分析，发现该车转向干摩擦偏大，转向刚度偏低，高速行驶时的非线性路感不够理想。     

基于ADAMS的双前桥重型汽车转向运动学研究

利用某公司提供的实车数据建立了基于ADAMS的双前桥重型汽车的转向机构和悬架机构模型,运用该模型进行转向运动学关系虚拟仿真．并与理论数据进行比较。同时并对该车的悬架干涉情况进行仿真分析。其分析结果为该车转向系的改进设计提供了理论依据。     

五连杆后悬架的后轴变形效应与转向随动性关系研究

针对某SUV转向随动性不足问题,利用后轴变形转向效应对该车五连杆后悬架上摆臂重新布置,并在ADAMS中建立了后悬架运动学模型及整车动力学模型。通过对转向盘转角阶跃输入、脉冲输入的仿真结果分析和对原车按新方案改进后进行的操纵稳定性主观试验验证表明,新方案较好地解决了转向随动性问题,减少了特殊工况时后轮侧滑及甩尾的危险性。     

基于模态试验和有限元模态分析的转向盘怠速抖动改进

针对某车型怠速工况下转向盘抖动问题,对整车进行了怠速振动试验并对转向盘进行了模态试验,确认转向盘系统与仪表板横梁及横梁与车身连接处的连接刚度不足导致整个转向系统模态下降,从而引起了共振。针对该问题建立了转向系统有限元模型,并根据模态试验结果对模型进行了验证。在该模型基础上对上述连接刚度进行了优化,对优化方案进行试验验证的结果表明该方案有效。     

重型汽车转向特性试验研究

驾驶员通过作用在转向盘上的力或使转向盘产生一定的角位移来控制汽车的转向运动,即驾驶员给汽车的转向指令可以分成两大类:力指令和角指令.由此,汽车对指令的反应特性也可以分成两大类力输入反应特性和角输入反应特性.可把回正性能看作一种力输入反应特性.通过对重型汽车回正性能试验结果的分析,本文初步探讨了重型汽车回正试验结果的评价方式及其力输入反应频率特性.由于汽车在线性区内工作的几率远大于在非线性区内工作的几率,因此对汽车线性区内的转向特性应进行探入、细致的研究.本文所研究的重型汽车回正性能是汽车线性区内的回正性能,这样可以相对容易地获取试验结果和分析汽车力转向特性,从而获得收善重型汽车转向特性的途径.     

汽车转向特性与交通安全分析

从理论上分析了汽车转向特性产生的原因和具有不同转向特性的汽车的行驶状态，指出了保持汽车适度不足转向的注意事项。     

Steady State Steering Response

The yaw rate response for a two-degree-of-freedom car model requires a family of curves for different degrees of oversteer or understeer. By use of non-dimensional co-ordinates this family is reduced to one single curve. The ordinate ρ is the ratio of yaw rate response to that of a neutral steering car at the same speed and is less than 1 for understeer and greater than 1 for oversteer. Since ρ is also the ratio of the side-slip angle response it is hence, a unique measure of the steady-state steering characteristics.     

The handling surface: a new perspective in vehicle dynamics

The problem of describing the understeer–oversteer behaviour of a general vehicle, such as one with locked differential or tandem rear axle, is addressed taking a new perspective. The well-known handling diagram and the associated classical understeer gradient may be inadequate, mainly because they are no longer unique. The new concept of handling surface and a new definition of understeer gradient, which is indeed the gradient of the handling surface and hence a vector, are presented. It is also shown how the new concepts relate to and generalize the classical ones. Finally, a procedure for the experimental measure of the new understeer gradient is outlined.     

On the handling performance of a vehicle with different front-to-rear wheel torque distributions

ABSTRACT

The handling characteristic is a classical topic of vehicle dynamics. Usually, vehicle handling is studied by analyzing the understeer coefficient in quasi-steady-state maneuvers. In this paper, experimental tests are performed on an electric vehicle with four independent motors, which is able to reproduce front-wheel-drive, rear-wheel-drive and all-wheel-drive (FWD, RWD and AWD, respectively) architectures. The handling characteristics of each architecture are inferred through classical and new concepts. The study presents a procedure to compute the longitudinal and lateral tire forces, which is based on a first estimate and a subsequent correction of the tire forces that guarantee the equilibrium. A yaw moment analysis is performed to identify the contributions of the longitudinal and lateral forces. The results show a good agreement between the classical and new formulations of the understeer coefficient, and allow to infer a relationship between the understeer coefficient and the yaw moment analysis. The handling characteristics vary with speed and front-to-rear wheel torque distribution. An apparently surprising result arises at low speed: the RWD architecture is the most understeering configuration. This is discussed by analyzing the yaw moment caused by the longitudinal forces of the front tires, which is significant for high values of lateral acceleration and steering angle.     

Sliding mode observers for vehicle mode detection

This paper explores the use of sliding mode observers to detect the onset of potentially dangerous vehicle modes such as oversteer, understeer or split-μ braking. Provided these modes can be detected quickly enough, existing stability controllers can be engaged to ensure safe performance of the vehicle. It is shown that the equivalent output error injection signals associated with the sliding mode observer have distinctive signatures depending on the particular mode encountered. Appropriate thresholds on these signals can be set so the scheme ignores variations which arise during normal driving, but can detect and isolate different undesirable vehicle modes within 0.3 seconds of their onset.     

Sliding mode observers for vehicle mode detection

This paper explores the use of sliding mode observers to detect the onset of potentially dangerous vehicle modes such as oversteer, understeer or split-μ braking. Provided these modes can be detected quickly enough, existing stability controllers can be engaged to ensure safe performance of the vehicle. It is shown that the equivalent output error injection signals associated with the sliding mode observer have distinctive signatures depending on the particular mode encountered. Appropriate thresholds on these signals can be set so the scheme ignores variations which arise during normal driving, but can detect and isolate different undesirable vehicle modes within 0.3 seconds of their onset.     

Directional Dynamics of a Tractor-Loader-Backhoe

This paper presents a study of the directional dynamics of large industrial tractors. These vehicles have special properties which make their dynamics interesting, including soft rear tires, large yaw moments of inertia and low or negative understeer gradients.

A linear yaw plane model was used for the analysis. The lateral compliance of the tires was included via a simplified version of the stretched-string model. Measurements were performed in support of the modeling effort, including inertial parameters, understeer gradient and transient response. A comparison between calculations and test results indicated that lateral compliance was an important influence on the transient response of these vehicles.     

Nonlinear single track model analysis using Volterra series approach

In this paper, an original approach based on the Volterra series theory is applied in order to analyse a nonlinear single track model, which is considered to describe the vehicle dynamics behaviour in the nonlinear domain. This model is based on a polynomial approximation up to the third order of the Pacejka formula that describes the full tyre behaviour. The analysis of the model is carried out using a truncated form of the Volterra series; this allows the extraction of an analytical formulation of the nonlinear response characteristics. The analysis is focused on the extraction of the first order frequency response function expression and the understeer angle curve vs lateral acceleration, which characterises the vehicle typology and stability. The resulting equations and illustrations in both the cases are presented.     

Critical review of handling diagram and understeer gradient for vehicles with locked differential

The steady-state cornering behaviour of rear-wheel drive vehicles fitted with locked differential is critically analysed by means of simple, albeit carefully formulated, vehicle models, which allow for a rigorous theoretical analysis. Results obtained for some classical manoeuvres, with either constant forward speed, steer angle or turning radius, clearly show that, in the case of locked differential, the vehicle cornering behaviour is strongly affected by the manoeuvre. As an important consequence, the handling diagram is not unique and the understeer gradient is no longer dependent only upon the lateral acceleration, as in vehicles equipped with an open differential. Accordingly, this study shows that some typical tools and concepts of vehicle dynamics are indeed inadequate in the case of locked differential.     

Bifurcation analysis of an automobile model negotiating a curve

The paper deals with the bifurcation analysis of a rather simple model describing an automobile negotiating a curve. The mechanical model has two degrees of freedom and the related equations of motion contain the nonlinear tyre characteristics. Bifurcation analysis is adopted as the proper procedure for analysing steady-state cornering. Two independent parameters referring to running conditions, namely steering angle and speed, are varied. Ten different combinations of front and rear tyre characteristics (featuring understeer or oversteer automobiles) are considered for the bifurcation analysis. Many different dynamical behaviours of the model are obtained by slightly varying the parameters describing the tyre characteristics. Both simple and extremely complex bifurcations may occur. Homoclinic bifurcations, stable and unstable limit cycles (of considerable amplitude) are found, giving a sound and ultimate interpretation to some actual (rare but very dangerous) dynamic behaviours of automobiles, as reported by professional drivers. The presented results are cross-validated by exploiting handling diagram theory. The knowledge of the derived set of bifurcations is dramatically important to fully understand the actual vehicle yaw motions occurring while running on an even surface. Such a knowledge is a pre-requisite for robustly designing the chassis and for enhancing the active safety of vehicles.     

Directional Dynamics of a Tractor-Loader-Backhoe

SUMMARY

This paper presents a study of the directional dynamics of large industrial tractors. These vehicles have special properties which make their dynamics interesting, including soft rear tires, large yaw moments of inertia and low or negative understeer gradients.

A linear yaw plane model was used for the analysis. The lateral compliance of the tires was included via a simplified version of the stretched-string model. Measurements were performed in support of the modeling effort, including inertial parameters, understeer gradient and transient response. A comparison between calculations and test results indicated that lateral compliance was an important influence on the transient response of these vehicles.