Simple Lagrangian formulation of bubbly flow in a turbulent boundary layer (bubbly boundary layer flow)

For the theoretical consideration of a system for reducing skin friction, a mathematical model was derived to represent, in a two-phase field, the effect on skin friction of the injection of micro air bubbles into the turbulent boundary layer of a liquid stream. Based on the Lagrangian method, the equation of motion governing a single bubble was derived. The random motion of bubbles in a field initially devoid of bubbles was then traced in three dimensions to estimate void fraction distributions across sections of the flow channel, and to determine local bubble behavior. The liquid phase was modeled on the principle of mixing length. Assuming that the force exerted on the liquid phase was equal to the fluid drag generated by bubble slip, an equation was derived to express the reduction in turbulent shear stress. Corroborating experimental data were obtained from tests using a cavitation tunnel equipped with a slit in the ceiling from which bubbly water was injected. The measurement data provided qualitative substantiation of the trend shown by the calculated results with regard to the skin friction ratio between cases with and without bubble injection as function of the distance downstream from the point of bubble injection.List of symbols B law of wall constant - C _f local coefficient of skin friction - C _f0 local coefficient of skin friction in the absence of bubbles - d _b bubble diameter [m] - g acceleration of gravity [m/s²] - k ₁ k₄ proportional coefficient - k _L turbulent energy of the liquid phase [m²/s²] - L representative length [m] - l _b mean free path of a bubble [m] - m _A added mass of a single bubble [kg] - m _b mass of a single bubble [kg] - N _x ,N _y ,N _z force perpendicular to the wall or ceiling exerted on a bubble adhering to that wall or ceiling [N] - P absolute pressure [Pa] - Q _G rate of air supply [/min] - q _L ⁽ⁱ⁾ turbulent velocity at the ith time increment [m/s] - R> _ex Reynolds number defined by Eq. 32 - T _*L integral time scale of the liquid phase [s] - U velocity of the main stream [m/s] - ,¯v,¯w time-averaged velocity components [m/s] - u,v,w turbulent velocity components [m/s] - û _L ,v_L root mean square values of liquid phase turbulence components in thex- and y-directions [m/s] - V volume of a single bubble [m³] - X,Y,Z components of bubble displacement [m] - x _s ,y _s ,z _s coordinate of a random point on a sphere of unit diameter centered at the coordinate origin - root mean square of bubble displacement in they-direction in reference to the turbulent liquid phase velocity [m] - local void fraction - _m mean void fraction in a turbulent region - regular random number - R _v increment of the horizontal component of the force acting on a single bubble, defined by Eq. 22 [N] - t time increment [s] - ₁ reduction of turbulent stress [N/m²] - _L rate of liquid energy dissipation [m²/s³] - _m coefficient defined by Eq. 30 - law of wall constant in the turbulent region in absence of bubbles - ₁ law of wall constant in the turbulent region in presence of bubbles     

基于AutoSEA2的声呐自噪声水动力分量分析

利用基于统计能量分析法的声仿真软件AutoSEA2分析湍流边界层激励下水下航行器声呐腔自噪声水动力分量。采用一种新的回转体模型模拟声呐罩,重点讨论了空间分布不均匀的湍流边界层对声呐罩的输入功率的计算。利用Fluent软件计算边界层的分离点及一些重要参数。分析结果可作为空间不均匀湍流边界层激励下声呐腔自噪声工程估算的参考。     

利用微气泡层减少平板阻力的边界层模型计算

以流体中光滑平板为例，建立微气泡层覆盖平板的气液简单边界层模型，采用平板层流理论，对给定的一系列气泡喷射速度参数和流体特性参数计算了微气泡状态下平板的摩擦阻力，结果显示微气泡对平板有明显减阻效果；最后给出了气体边界层的速度分布和剪切应力分布。     

平板湍流边界层流向—法向平面发卡涡的PIV实验研究

湍流边界层流动精细涡结构的分析对于水下航行体表面减阻乃至降噪机理的深入研究都具有重要意义.文章应用粒子图像测速技术(PIV),对Reθ=1 743和5 400时的平板湍流边界层的流向—法向平面流场进行了测试研究.一方面,直接对瞬时速度场精细涡结构进行提取分析,通过Galilean分解和λci准则识别出流向—法向平面中的发卡涡及发卡涡包.研究表明,发卡涡和雷诺应力的分布特征具有高度相关性;发卡涡包产生了流向动量的法向不规则分层分布特征.另一方面,文中通过对500个瞬时速度场子样进行时间平均分析,获得了不同雷诺数下平均速度以及湍流度分量的法向分布规律.此外,文中还对发卡涡的几何尺寸和漩涡强度λci进行了统计分析.研究表明,在y+＜50范围内无量纲化的漩涡强度λciδ/uт沿法向迅速衰减,且在不同雷诺数下变化曲线基本一致;在y+ ＞50后λciδ/uт衰减平缓,且低雷诺数下的值较大.     

湍流激励下简支平板振动特性的解析法研究

解析法基于随机激励理论,采用湍流脉动压力的Corcos模型作为输入,结合考虑流固耦合时平板的频响函数,求解得到平板振动速度的自功率谱密度。计算结果同已有文献吻合较好,证明了解析法的正确性。同时研究结果表明：湍流激励下平板的振动特性体现了平板本身的固有特性;随着来流速度的增大,平板振速的均方谱密度幅值按一定的数值关系增大。     

非均衡湍流边界层脉动压力测试研究

通过建立非均衡湍流边界层脉动压力测试技术及可提供较高测试信噪比的低噪声风洞试验装置,采用表面贴装式硅微传声器线列阵,测量获得了不同压力梯度模型的湍流边界层脉动压力特性,压力梯度模型表面湍流边界层脉动压力低频平台区幅值增加3-5 dB;回归得到了非均衡湍流边界层流脉动压力频谱与Strauhal数及Re数和压力梯度相关的拟合模型,具有一定的适用性;压力梯度对湍流边界层脉动压力频率—波数谱的影响主要集中在300 Hz以下的低频段,传输波数附近峰脊区谱级增加3-5 dB。     

基于VOF方法的驻留微气泡形状稳定性仿真研究

亚微米级的驻留微气泡在强剪切流中发生变形,会导致将气泡简化为完全滑移刚性壁面而进行的数值仿真出现明显误差.文中采用了VOF方法求解驻留微气泡的气—液两相流平板Couette流场模型,利用剪切流粘性力与表面张力的比值毛细数Ca作为判据,得到了Ca=0.1作为亚毫米尺度微气泡在剪切流中发生显著变形的临界值,并将Ca＜＜0.1作为将驻留微气泡简化为完全滑移刚性壁面的适用条件.通过仿真得出滑移长度随毛细数增大而减小,当毛细数超过0.1时,驻留微气泡起到增阻作用.在微气泡不发生严重变形的前提下,选择尽量大尺寸的气泡有利于提高减阻效果.     

海洋污损对船体摩擦阻力影响的预测方法

海洋污损对船体阻力具有严重的不利影响.文章将海洋污损归类到船体粗糙度的范畴内,基于边界层积分法研究了污损对船体摩擦阻力影响的预测方法.通过对光滑平板摩擦阻力系数的计算验证了积分法的准确性.然后采用积分法对美军FFG-7舰在3种钙质污损状况下的摩擦阻力系数进行了计算,计算结果与国外学者的研究结论吻合得较好,说明了积分法预测污损对船体摩擦阻力的影响具有可行性,且准确性较高.最后将积分法在FFG-7舰的计算结果与1957-ITTC公式及其粗糙度补贴系数ΔCf进行了对比,结果表明ITTC提出的ΔCf公式不适于表征污损对船体阻力的影响.     

Mixing in the surface boundary layer of a tropical freshwater reservoir

A combined observational-modeling study was conducted to investigate turbulence mixing, and the relation to surface forcing, in the surface boundary layer (SBL) of a tropical, high-altitude, freshwater reservoir. A suite of vertical profiles of temperature microstructure, collected at three different stations of one-day duration each, provided estimates of dissipation rates of turbulence kinetic energy, , and temperature variance, χ. Numerical simulations of and χ, using state-of-the-art, public domain, two-equation turbulence closure models, compared favorably with the observations and reproduced the dynamics of daytime wind mixing as well as the vertical and temporal turbulence structure during nighttime convective conditions.Two independent estimates of vertical eddy diffusivities in the stably stratified (daytime) SBL, computed from the microstructure measurements, agreed closely, and the near surface heat and buoyancy fluxes, computed from the diffusivities, were similar to those computed independently from surface meteorology. Model generated eddy diffusivities agreed closely with the observed values, except those generated by K profile parameterization (KPP) model simulations. The good agreement provides confidence that nutrient fluxes in the SBL may be accurately computed from the models when forced with regularly measured surface meteorological parameters. The consequences are important for estimation of daily primary productivity rates in the euphotic zone and the ability to predict algal blooms such as those observed in the present reservoir.     

Non-local simulation of the stable boundary layer with a third order moments closure model

A new higher order closure model for the stable boundary layer is presented and compared with Large Eddy Simulation data. The model includes numerical solutions for the mean values, second and third order moments equations. A satisfactory agreement is found between the calculated vertical profiles of the turbulent quantities with those provided by the LES. Furthermore the new model results are compared with profiles obtained with a lower order closure model in order to verify the effective importance of including third order dynamical equations in the model.     

Effect of wave boundary layer on sea-to-air dimethylsulfide transfer velocity during typhoon passage

A full-spectral third-generation ocean wind–wave model (Wavewatch-III) implemented in the South China Sea is used to investigate the effects of the wave boundary layer on the drag coefficient and the sea-to-air transfer velocity of dimethylsulfide (DMS) during passage of Typhoon Wukong (September 5–11, 2000) with a maximum sustained wind speed of 38 m s^− 1. The model is driven by the reanalyzed surface winds (1° × 1°, four times daily) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. It is found that the wave boundary layer evidently enhances (16.5%) the drag coefficient (in turn increases the momentum flux across the air–sea interface), and reduces (13.1%) the sea-to-air DMS transfer velocity (in turn decreases the sea-to-air DMS flux). This indicates the possibility of important roles of wave boundary layer in atmospheric DMS contents and global climate system.     

潜艇的三维厚边界层研究

建立了三维湍流边界层及尾流的动量积分方程,通过算例将计算结果与Gadd的结果进行比较和分析,验证了该方法的可靠性.在潜艇的粘性边界层计算过程中,应用了在势流理论基础上建立起来的艇体表面流线坐标系,对潜艇周围的三维厚边界层进行研究,得到了潜艇边界层及尾流的特征参数,给出了附体(围壳和尾翼)对特征参数的影响.在考虑排挤影响后,艇体采用等价源方法而尾流采用等价假想体法,通过势流计算得到潜艇表面的压力分布.     

白令海潮汐能通量和底边界能耗散

The spatial distribution of the energy flux, bottom boundary layer (BBL) energy dissipation, surface elevation amplitude and current magnitude of the major semidiurnal tidal constituents in the Bering Sea are examined in detail. These distributions are obtained from the results of a three-dimensional numerical simulation model (POM). Compared with observation data from seven stations, the root mean square errors of tidal height are 2.6 cm and 1.2 cm for M₂ and N₂ respectively, and those of phase-lag are 21.8° and 15.8° respectively. The majority of the tidal energy flux off the deep basin is along the shelf edge, although some of this flux crosses the shelf edge, especially in the southeast of the shelf break. The total M₂ energy dissipation in the Bering Sea is 30.43 GW, which is about 10 times of that of N₂ and S₂. The semidiurnal tidal energy enters mainly to the Bering Sea by Samalga Pass, Amukta Pass and Seguam Pass, accounting more than 60% of the total energy entering the Being Sea from the Pacific.     

Distribution of void fraction in bubbly flow through a horizontal channel: Bubbly boundary layer flow, 2nd report

A method of enveloping the hull with a sheet of microbubbles is discussed. It forms part of a study on means of reducing the skin friction acting on a ship's hull. In this report, a bubble traveling through a horizontal channel is regarded as a diffusive particle. Based on this assumption, an equation based on flow flux balance is derived for determining the void fraction in approximation. The equation thus derived is used for calculation, and the calculation results are compared with reported experimental data. The equation is further manipulated to make it compatible with a mixing length model that takes into account the presence of bubbles in the liquid stream. Among the factors contained in the equation thus derived, those affected by the presence of bubbles are the change of mixing length and the difference in the ratio of skin friction between cases with and without bubbles. These factors can be calculated using the mean void fraction in the boundary layer determined by the rate of air supply into the flow field. It is suggested that the ratio between boundary layer thickness and bubble diameter could constitute a significant parameter to replace the scale effect in estimating values applicable to actual ships from corresponding data obtained in model experiments.List of symbols a ₁ proportionality constant indicating directionality of turbulence - B law-of-the-wall constant - C _f local skin-friction coefficient in the presence of bubbles - C _f0 local skin-friction coefficient in the absence of bubbles - d _b bubble diameter (m) - g acceleration of gravity (m/s²) - j _g flow flux of gas phase accountable to buoyancy (m/s) - j _t flow flux of gas phase accountable to turbulence (m/s) - k ₄ constant relating reduction of liquid shear stress by bubble presence to decrease of force imparted to bubble by its displacement due to turbulence - l _b mixing length of gas phase (m) - l _m mixing length of liquid phase (m) - l _mb diminution of liquid phase mixing length by bubble presence (m) - Q _G rate of air supply to liquid stream (l/min) - q _/g velocity of bubble rise (m/s) - 2R height of horizontal channel (m) - T _* integral time scale (s) - U _m mean stream velocity in channel (m/s) - U friction velocity in channel (m/s) - V volume of a bubble (m³) - u, ¯ v time-averaged stream velocities inx- andy-directions, respectively (m/s) - u, v turbulent velocity components inx- andy-directions, respectively (m/s) - v root mean square of turbulence component in they-direction (m/s) - root mean square of bubble displacement iny-direction with reference to turbulent liquid phase velocity (m) - y displacement from ceiling (m) - local void fraction - _m mean void fraction in boundary layer - _m constant relating local void fraction to law-of-the-wall constant - _t reduction of turbulent stress (N/m²) - law-of-the-wall constant in turbulent liquid region in absence of bubbles - ₁ law-of-the-wall constant in turbulent liquid region in presence of bubbles - ₂ law-of-the-wall constant in gas phase - _m constant indicating representative turbulence scale (m) - viscosity (Pa × s) - v kinematic viscosity (m²/s) - density (kg/m³) Suffixes G gas - L liquid - 0 absence of bubbles     

船体阻力计算中模型常(系)数的敏感性研究

在湍流模型方程的模型化过程中,引入了有一定取值范围的模型常(系)数。这些模型常(系)数的推荐值是否适用于船舶阻力的数值计算还有待确认。文中选取常见的标准k-ε和k-ω二方程湍流模型作为研究对象,变动湍流模型中的常(系)数并用于Wigley船型和数学三体船型的阻力计算。从文中的数值计算可以看出:分别修正标准k-ε模型中的5个系数均不影响船体压阻力分量;除模型系数σk外,其他4个模型系数的修正对船体摩擦阻力有不同程度的影响。修正k-ω模型中的3个模型系数对压阻力分量无影响;对摩擦阻力分量有不同程度的影响。研究表明采纳这两种湍流模型用于船体阻力性能研究时船体摩擦阻力分量的计算值受模型常(系)数变动的影响不能忽略,而船体压阻力的计算结果对模型常(系)数不敏感,各模型常(系)数的推荐值对船体压阻力的计算具有鲁棒特性。文中研究有助于明确湍流模型常(系)数在船舶阻力性能研究中的适用性,而且有助于理解数值计算中湍流模型导致的误差和不确定因素。     

Determining the hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion

A combination of methods was developed that can determine hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in steady motion. Firstly, a potential-based boundary-element method was used to calculate the hydrodynamic pressure, induced resistance and lift. Then the frictional resistance component was determined by the viscous boundary layer theory. Finally, a particular empirical technique was applied, to determine the region of upwash geometry and determine spray resistance. Case studies involving four models of Series 62 planing craft were run. These showed that the suggested method is efficient and capable, with results that are in good agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of volumetric Froude numbers.     

黏弹性人工边界在坞式闸室结构动力计算中的应用

应用ANSYS通用有限元软件编制黏弹性人工边界的计算程序,通过算例验证该计算方法的可行性。建立基于黏弹性人工边界的坞式闸室结构的动力计算模型,对坞式闸室结构进行固定边界和黏弹性边界下不同边界范围的动力计算分析。计算结果表明:与固定边界相比,黏弹性人工边界有更高的可靠性。在地震动力作用下,闸墙顶部的动力加速度响应最为明显,在闸墙底部拉应力响应最大;闸室底板下部受拉,最大拉应力值大于闸墙的最大应力;地基深度范围取值在2~3倍以上结构底宽时,结构响应已趋于稳定。     

载人潜器阻力的数值计算方法分析

采用多块搭接结构化O型和H型网格对某载人潜器周围控制域进行网格离散,分别采用四种不同的湍流模型,并改变自由来流湍流强度的设置,对潜器周围绕流场进行数值模拟,得到了适于对潜器周围绕流场进行数值模拟的方法,获得较可靠的阻力等计算结果.将阻力计算结果与试验值进行对比,得出采用不同湍流模型进行数值计算时自由来流湍流强度的改变对于计算结果的影响.分析得出适于潜器阻力计算的湍流模型以及相应自由来流湍流强度的取值,为潜器的阻力预报提供了可行的数值计算方法,为潜器的阻力性能优化奠定了基础.     

湍流强度对非对称粗糙带圆柱流致振动影响的研究

本文采用非定常RANS方法和Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,结合动网格技术,通过Fluent二次开发平台编写程序代码实现流固信息交换,实现非对称粗糙带单圆柱及串列双圆柱流致振动并行数值计算。主要研究雷诺数在3×10⁴～1.2×10⁵范围内入口湍流强度对非对称粗糙带单圆柱及串列双圆柱流致振动的影响。研究结果发现,入口湍流强度的增大会引起尾涡拉长,使得非对称粗糙带单圆柱和串列双圆柱下游圆柱的振幅比减小,且会削弱圆柱振子的振动偏移现象;随着雷诺数增大,非对称粗糙带单圆柱和下游圆柱的尾涡数量增加,依次出现2S、QP+P、2P+2S、不稳定的2T、2T、2T+S和2T+2S等模式,在雷诺数为6×10⁴时可发现新的模式Double-S(DS)。     

Initial results from long-term measurements of atmospheric humidity and related parameters in the marine boundary layer at two locations in the Gulf of Mexico

Measurements of boundary layer moisture have been acquired from Rotronic MP-100 sensors deployed on two NDBC buoys in the northern Gulf of Mexico from June through November 1993. For one sensor, which was retrieved approximately 8 months after deployment, the post- and precalibrations agreed closely and fell well within WMO specifications for accuracy. The second sensor operated continuously from June 1993 to February 1997 (3.5 years). Buoy observations of relative humidity and supporting data were used to calculate specific humidity and the surface fluxes of latent and sensible heat. Specific humidities from the buoys were compared with observations of moisture obtained from nearby ship reports, and the correlations were generally high (0.7–0.9). Surface gravity wave spectra were also acquired. The time series of specific humidity and the other buoy parameters revealed three primary scales of variability, small (h), synoptic (days), and seasonal (months). The synoptic variability was clearly dominant and occurred primarily during September, October, and November. Most of the synoptic variability was due to frontal systems that dropped down into the Gulf of Mexico from the continental US followed by air masses which were cold and dry. Cross-correlation analyses of the buoy data indicated that: (1) the moisture field was highly coherent over distances of 800 km or more in the northern Gulf of Mexico; and (2) both specific humidity and air temperature served as tracers of the motion associated with propagating atmospheric disturbances. These correlation analyses also revealed that the prevailing weather systems generally entered the buoy domain from the South prior to September, but primarily from the North thereafter. Spectra of the various buoy parameters indicated strong diurnal and semidiurnal variability for barometric pressure and sea surface temperature (SST) and lesser variability for air temperature, wind speed and significant wave height. The surface fluxes of latent and sensible heat were dominated by the synoptic events which took place from September through November with the transfer of latent heat being primarily from the ocean to the atmosphere. Finally, an analysis of the surface wave observations from each buoy, which included calculations of wave age and estimates of surface roughness, indicate that major heat and moisture flux events coincide with periods of active wave growth, although the data were insufficient to identify any causal relationships.