Trails,lanes, or traffic: Valuing bicycle facilities with an adaptive stated preference survey

This study evaluates individual preferences for five different cycling environments by trading off a better facility with a higher travel time against a less attractive facility at a lower travel time. The tradeoff of travel time to amenities of a particular facility informs our understanding of the value attached to different attributes such as bike-lanes, off-road trails, or side-street parking. The facilities considered here are off-road facilities, in-traffic facilities with bike-lane and no on-street parking, in-traffic facilities with a bike-lane and on-street parking, in-traffic facilities with no bike-lane and no on-street parking and in-traffic facilities with no bike-lane but with parking on the side. We find that respondents are willing to travel up to twenty minutes more to switch from an unmarked on-road facility with side parking to an off-road bicycle trail, with smaller changes associated with less dramatic improvements.     

Subjective well-being related to satisfaction with daily travel

Previous research demonstrates an impact on subjective well-being (SWB) of affect associated with routine performance of out-of-home activities. A primary aim of the present study is to investigate whether satisfaction with daily travel has a positive impact on SWB, either directly or indirectly through facilitating the performance of out-of-home activities. A secondary aim is to determine whether emotional-symbolic or instrumental reasons for car use results in higher satisfaction with daily travel than other travel modes. A survey of a population-based sample of 1,330 Swedish citizens included measures of car access and use, satisfaction with daily travel, satisfaction with performance of out-of-home routine activities, and affective and cognitive SWB. The results confirmed that the effect on affective and cognitive SWB of satisfaction with daily travel is both direct and indirect via satisfaction with performance of activities. Percent weekly car use had a small effect on satisfaction with daily travel and on affective SWB, although fully mediating the effect of satisfaction with performance of the activities. This suggests that car use plays a minor role for satisfaction with daily travel and its effect on SWB. This role may be larger if investigated after a forced reduced car use.     

郑西客运专线大断面黄土隧道施工方法研究

文章结合郑西客运专线大断面黄土隧道设计、施工及科研情况,从沉降变形控制、施工进度、机械配套等方面对双侧壁导洞、CRD、CD、弧形导洞等4种工法进行了比选分析,提出了与不同工况相适应的工法以及施工要点,可供参考和借鉴。     

Specification and calibration of a microscopic model for pedestrian dynamic simulation at signalized intersections: A hybrid approach

Macroscopic pedestrian models for bidirectional flow analysis encounter limitations in describing microscopic dynamics at crosswalks. Pedestrian behavior at crosswalks is typically characterized by the evasive effect with conflicting pedestrians and vehicles and the following effect with leading pedestrians. This study proposes a hybrid approach (i.e., route search and social force-based approach) for modeling of pedestrian movement at signalized crosswalks. The key influential factors, i.e., leading pedestrians, conflict with opposite pedestrians, collision avoidance with vehicles, and compromise with traffic lights, are considered. Aerial video data collected at one intersection in Beijing, China were recorded and extracted. A new calibration approach based on a genetic algorithm is proposed that enables optimization of the relative error of pedestrian trajectory in two dimensions, i.e., moving distance and angle. Model validation is conducted by comparison with the observed trajectories in five typical cases of pedestrian crossing with or without conflict between pedestrians and vehicles. The characteristics of pedestrian flow, speed, acceleration, pedestrian-vehicle conflict, and the lane formation phenomenon were compared with those from two competitive models, thus demonstrating the advantage of the proposed model.     

考虑科氏力影响的旋转Timoshenko梁的变结构控制分析

文章基于Hamilton变分原理,采用Timoshenko梁理论,给出了考虑科氏力影响的中心刚体一柔性梁系统的动力学方程,并应用弹性波与振动模态理论,确定了受科氏力影响的Timoshenko梁的振动模态。同时,结合变结构控制器设计原理,对比分析了考虑科氏力与不考虑科氏力时对旋转Timoshenko梁振动的影响。     

复杂环境超小间距隧道盾构掘进施工技术北大核心CSCD

针对浅埋超小间距隧道盾构施工,文章以特拉维夫红线轻轨工程西标段双线盾构施工为工程背景,从隧道加固施工、盾构掘进控制、监测控制与应急管理等方面进行系统研究。结果表明,加固施工在小间距盾构隧道施工中至关重要,可有效降低隧道施工风险;对未加固的小间距盾构隧道施工,应保持土压平稳,加强土压精细化控制;严格控制出渣量,做好渣土改良,控制土体损失率低于0.3%;在盾壳外部注入膨润土或克泥效,可有效地减少邻近隧道的位移量;应结合实时监测数据,控制回填注浆量及注浆质量;隧道施工过程应加强对邻近既有建筑物的监测。     

Simultaneous determination of the equilibrium market penetration and compliance rate of advanced traveler information systems

We consider a specific advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) whose objective is to reduce drivers’ travel time uncertainty with recurrent network congestion through provision of traffic information. Since the provided information is still partial or imperfect, drivers equipped with an ATIS cannot always find the shortest travel time route and thus may not always comply with the advice provided by ATIS. Thus, there are three classes of drivers on a specific day: drivers without ATIS, drivers with ATIS but without compliance with ATIS advice, drivers with ATIS and in compliance with ATIS advice. All three classes of drivers make route choice in a stochastic manner, but with different degree of uncertainty of travel time on the network. In this paper we investigate the interactions among the three classes of drivers in an ATIS environment using a multiple behavior stochastic user equilibrium model. By assuming that the market penetration of ATIS is an increasing function of the actual private gain (time saving minus the cost associated with system use) derived from ATIS service, and the ATIS compliance rate of equipped drivers is given as the probability of the actual travel time of complied drivers being less than that of non-complied drivers, we determine the equilibrium market penetration and compliance rate of ATIS and the resulting equilibrium network flow pattern using an iterative solution procedure.     

南宁大桥水中主墩基础施工方案优化研究

文章针对广西南宁大桥主桥下部结构初步施工方案,结合现场施工条件,因地制宜地提出了大桥主墩基施工的优化方案,并通过与原施工方案对比及安全论证,验证了该优化方案的合理性。     

油田流动污水介质中溶解氧对A3钢腐蚀行为的影响

通过腐蚀管流动态模拟装置,模拟现场工艺条件,研究了暴氧和除氧条件下,油田流动污水介质中A3钢的腐蚀行为。用失重法和交流阻抗、极化曲线方法,揭示了A3钢在油田污水介质中腐蚀的电化学规律。结果表明:A3钢在油田污水介质中的腐蚀受阴极氧的去极化控制,流动过程和溶解氧共同作用,极大地加速了油田污水介质对A3钢的腐蚀性。     

A dynamic network loading process with explicit delay modelling

In this paper, a neural network (NN) approximator, integrated to a dynamic network loading (DNL) process, is utilized to model delays and to solve the DNL problem at an unsignalized highway node. First, a dynamic node model (DNM) is set out to compute the time-varying traffic flows conflicting at the node. The presented DNM has two components: a link model set with a linear travel time function and an algorithm written with a set of node rules considering the constraints of conservation, flow splitting rates and non-negativity. Each of the selected NN methods, feed-forward back-propagation NN, radial basis function NN, and generalized regression NN, are utilized one by one in the NN approximator that is integrated with the proposed DNM, and, hence, three DNL processes are simulated. Delays forming as a result of capacity constraint and flow conflicting at the node are calculated with selected NN configurations after calibrating the NN component with conical delay function formulation. The results of the model structure, run solely with the conventional delay function, are then compared to evaluate the performance of the models supported with NNs relatively.     

The analysis of regulation on private highway investment under a build-operate-transfer scheme

The build-operate-transfer (BOT) approach has become an attractive instrument for public facility provision, especially for a project that faces difficulty with public finance. This study analyzes the regulation alternatives on private highway investment under a BOT scheme and their impacts on traffic flows, travel costs, toll, capacity, and social welfare (total user-benefit in the traffic system including congestion). For comparison, five cases are analyzed: (1) No BOT with maximizing welfare, (2) No BOT with breaking even on finance, (3) BOT without regulation, (4) BOT with a minimum flow constraint (the total users will not be less than those in Case 1), and (5) BOT with a maximum travel cost constraint (the travel cost for users on a non-tolled road will not exceed the maximum tolerance). After each case is modeled and simulated on some functional forms, we find that the case of BOT with regulations performs between the cases of maximizing welfare and that of maximizing profit. From the perspective of the government, regulation has less power in a project with low elastic demand. Furthermore, even when the regulation is strict, a high cost-efficient firm with BOT could result in a higher level of social welfare than that without a BOT scheme.     

软弱围岩隧道修建新方法——核心土加固变形控制法

2006年我国铁路系统相关施工单位开始接触变形控制法隧道施工技术,经过长达5年的基础理论学习研究与准备,在铁道部和兰渝铁路公司的支持下,2011年由中铁瑞威公司和意大利土力公司联合在兰渝铁路桃树坪隧道进行了中国首次隧道核心土加固变形控制法应用试验研究,并取得成功。文章通过工程实践,对桃树坪隧道的工程概况、地质问题、施工工艺、施工设备及核心土加固控制变形技术的应用效果作了较详细介绍。     

基于VC、ANSYS和Access的含缺陷管道安全评定系统

含缺陷管道安全评定技术研究是油气管道施工与生产管理中的一个重要内容。系统分析了油气管道主要力学条件并综合考虑管道表面体积型缺陷等影响因素,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件的二次开发功能,运用VS2005、Access、ANSYS及其APDL语言,开发了含缺陷管道安全评定系统。该系统实现了数据库管理,含任意形貌的外缺陷、内缺陷和凹痕缺陷管道的参数化建模,非线性有限元分析以及安全评定,能够对多条管线全部缺陷的单一分析、组合分析进行全自动批量处理和控制,能够用于在役管线安全评定分析,为含缺陷管线的分析研究提供了有力工具。     

Build-to-order supply chain network design under supply and demand uncertainties

Supply chain disruptions are unintended, unwanted situations resulting in a negative supply chain performance. We study the supply chain network design under supply and demand uncertainty with embedded supply chain disruption mitigation strategies, postponement with downward substitution, centralized stocking and supplier sourcing base. We designed an integrated supply-side, manufacturing and demand-side operations network in such that the total expected operating cost is minimized. We modeled it in a deterministic equivalent formulation. An L-shaped decomposition with an additional decomposition step in the master problem is proposed. The computational results showed that parallel sourcing has a cost advantage against single sourcing under supply disruptions. In addition, the build-to-order (BTO) manufacturing mitigation process has its greatest impact with high variations on demands and is integrated with the component downward substitution. Lastly, the manufacturer needs to order differentiated components to cover its requirement for maximal product demand to prevent the loss of sale, even with fewer modules in stock.     

Factors influencing travel mode choice among families with young children (aged 0–4): a review of the literature

Life events, such as the birth of a child, disrupt habitual travel behaviour and provide a valuable opportunity to influence the adoption of sustainable transport practices. However, in order for sustainable travel practices to be adopted, an understanding is required of the factors that influence travel mode choice among families with young children. Research in this field is particularly timely given many in the millennial generation, a comparably large cohort, are approaching this life stage. This comprehensive literature review develops a framework of factors influencing travel mode choice among families with young children. The findings reveal a multitude of factors influence decisions about mode choice, and, in particular, encourage travel by car, when travelling with young children. The paper concludes with an agenda for future research about travel among families with young children, a largely overlooked group of transport users.     

The role of household members in transporting adults with disabilities in the United States

Because of certain requirements under US federal law, many studies have been published in recent years on the role of fixed-route transit and paratransit in meeting the travel needs of persons with disabilities. Although persons with disabilities are several times more likely to take rides from household members than to take public transit, little research has been conducted to explore the circumstances under which such rides are given or taken. To address this gap in literature, this study examines the role of household members in transporting persons with disabilities in contemporary America. It explores how the circumstances for the ride takers may change in the future, identifies future challenges in providing mobility to persons with disabilities, and examines ways to meet those challenges. Using nationwide data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey, the study compares the rides taken by persons with disabilities from household members with trips made by other travel modes, the persons who take rides with those who do not take rides, and the drivers who provide rides with those who do not provide rides. Probit models are used for the comparisons. Implications of the findings are discussed in light of potential demographic changes in the future, especially the growth of single-person households and the consequent loss of household support for transportation. Due to similarities in circumstances in other developed countries, an international context to the study is also provided.     

低等级公路特长隧道半横向通风应用与探讨——九寨仙境隧道通风设计

双向行车的隧道通风,除了维持洞内空气的卫生标准和规定的视距外,还必须有利于火灾时的排烟和人车避难,这在特长隧道是很困难的。我国已建成的4 km以上的双向行车隧道,均采用有平行导洞的纵向式通风,但此种方式缺点很多。文章吸取了国外经验,提出采用半横向式通风,并对此种通风方式提出了一些改进意见及推导了应用公式。     

CORS技术与全站仪在郁江跨江线缆测量中的应用

跨江线缆测量主要采集跨江线缆的空间位置和属性特征,具有测区范围大、跨越地域广、测程较远等特点。文章结合广西郁江南宁至贵港Ⅱ级航道的跨江线缆测量工程实际,介绍采用CORS技术结合全站仪进行跨江线缆外业测量的技术方法,并分析了该方法与传统作业方式相比所具有的的优势,为CORS技术与全站仪的联合测量应用提供参考。     

Commuter ride-sharing using topology-based vehicle trajectory clustering: Methodology,application and impact evaluation

This paper illustrates a ride matching method for commuting trips based on clustering trajectories, and a modeling and simulation framework with ride-sharing behaviors to illustrate its potential impact. It proposes data mining solutions to reduce traffic demand and encourage more environment-friendly behaviors. The main contribution is a new data-driven ride-matching method, which tracks personal preferences of road choices and travel patterns to identify potential ride-sharing routes for carpool commuters. Compared with prevalent carpooling algorithms, which allow users to enter departure and destination information for on-demand trips, the proposed method focuses more on regular commuting trips. The potential effectiveness of the approach is evaluated using a traffic simulation-assignment framework with ride-sharing participation using the routes suggested by our algorithm. Two types of ride-sharing participation scenarios, with and without carpooling information, are considered. A case study with the Chicago tested is conducted to demonstrate the proposed framework’s ability to support better decision-making for carpool commuters. The results indicate that with ride-matching recommendations using shared vehicle trajectory data, carpool programs for commuters contribute to a less congested traffic state and environment-friendly travel patterns.     

Coping with uncertainty: an expedition into the field of new transport technology

Many decisions taken by mankind are rational only to a limited extent. This holds for individual travel behaviour, but also for long-range strategic decisions on transport systems or transport technology. In any decision problem, coping with uncertainty is the most critical element. The introduction of new transport technology is surrounded by uncertainty. For example, there is uncertainty about the pace and extent of adoption of new technology and there is uncertainty about the impact of new technology in terms of increased sustainability or increased efficiency. This article maps uncertainty surrounding new transport technology and identifies ways in which to deal with uncertainty in policy making. The findings will be illustrated with electric vehicles, particularly with two specific strategies to deal with uncertainty: interactive technology watching and experimentation in a market niche. The paper concludes with a discussion of success factors that influence the outcomes of such strategies.