山区公路小半径弯道路段事故严重度影响因素及其异质性比较分析

为分析影响山区公路小半径路段典型事故的严重程度的相关因素及其异质性效应，基于某山区双车道公路1 067起交通事故数据，从驾驶员、车辆、道路和环境4个方面选取15个潜在特征变量，采用二项Logit模型和随机参数二项Logit模型，分别构建小半径弯道路段上追尾碰撞、正面碰撞和侧面碰撞3类典型事故的严重度分析模型，分析3类典型事故严重度的显著影响因素，并采用边际弹性系数量化分析影响因素的作用强度。结果表明，小半径弯道路段上不同形态事故的严重度影响因素存在明显差异:①追尾碰撞严重度的显著影响因素依次为摩托车、夜间、弯道转角、驾驶员年龄、季节，摩托车和冬季分别是服从(2.716.1.5642)和(-1.495，2.1162)正态分布的异质性影响因素，导致发生伤亡事故的概率为95.72%和23.58%；②正面碰撞严重度的显著影响因素依次为货车、摩托车、驾驶员超车、弯道转角和弯道长度，货车导致其伤亡事故概率增加108.8%，摩托车和弯道长度分别是服从(6.941，9.9012)和(-0.004，0.0032)正态分布的异质性影响因素，导致发生伤亡事故的概率为76.11%和9.18%；③侧面碰撞严重度的显著影响因素依次为摩托车、驾驶员年龄及弯道有接入口，摩托车和接入口分别是服从(5.211，5.1112)和(-1.408，2.1462)正态分布的异质性影响因素，导致发生伤亡事故的概率为88.87%和25.47%。④与传统二项Logit模型相比，追尾碰撞、正面碰撞和侧面碰撞的随机参数二项Logit模型的拟合优度分别提高了2.85%，4.15%，6.76%，且定量捕捉了异质性影响因素，更适用于事故严重度的精细化分析。      

计算机辅助测量汽车加速通过噪声的研究

本文介绍了计算机辅助测量汽车通过噪声的方法，利用计算机多媒体技术可全面真实地再现汽车加速过程中的各种信息及其相互关系，为控制汽车加速噪声提供了强有力的技术支持。     

Analysis Method of Head-on Vehicle Collision

In this paper a method of analysis of vehicle head-on collision, based on the concept of dispersion of stress waves in rods upon axial impact has been presented. The mathematical model of collision studied here described the vehicle behaviour in collision in terms of a one-dimensional, nonhomo-geneous, nonlinear partial differential equation. A procedure of model identification and some remarks concerning experimental data have been discussed. Results of computer simulation of a tested vehicle have been given.     

重型汽车保险杠低速碰撞性能分析

针对某重型载重汽车保险杠开展低速碰撞安全性研究.利用Hypermesh建立有限元模型,再用LS-DYNA显式动力分析有限元软件求解分析.分别建立重型汽车保险杠系统与刚性墙低速正碰,与摆锤偏碰2种工况,得到保险杠的变形、加速度等参数,分析了某重型汽车保险杠的低速碰撞性能.根据碰撞能量相等原理进行了保险杠与刚性墙正面碰撞的台车试验,验证了仿真模型的正确性并分析产生误差的原因.试验和仿真结果表明,该型汽车保险杠在低速碰撞时变形较小,对前围部件起到了较好的保护效果.     

基于承载式客车的正面碰撞性能仿真研究

以某型承载式大客车为研究对象,利用有限元法和非线性理论建立整车有限元模型,通过通用显式动力分析软件对其100％正面碰撞进行仿真计算,研究该承载式车身骨架结构的变形大小以及变形特点,并对乘员的生存空间进行分析比较,评价该客车耐撞性与安全性能,并为进一步研究改进客车耐撞性能提供相关参考。     

基于UG软件汽车仪表板凸出物快速查找

为了提高汽车被动安全性能,参考国标GB—11552中相关头部碰撞的标准,详细论述了利用UG软件的二次开发功能,确定仪表板水平线、头部碰撞区域及碰撞区内凸出物的方法。在此基础上开发出了快速确定仪表板碰撞区及碰撞区内凸出物的模块,通过简单仪表板模型测试,结果与实际情况基本一致,缩短了整车开发周期并降低了开发成本。     

商用车前照灯近光照明效果改进

介绍了商用车前照灯近光配光的具体要求和含义,同时以GB 4599-2007为基础,对比国内某商用车前照灯与某进口商用车前照灯近光配光数据,并提出改进方案,提高前照灯近光的照明效果。     

Development of probabilistic pedestrian fatality model for characterizing pedestrian-vehicle collisions

Pedestrian-related accidents are considered to be the most serious of traffic accidents due to the associated high fatality rates. In Korea, pedestrian fatalities accounted for approximately 40% of all traffic-related fatalities in 2004. Significant efforts have been made to develop effective countermeasures for pedestrian-vehicle collisions. A basis for devising such countermeasures is to understand the characteristics of pedestrian-vehicle collisions. This study develops a pedestrian fatality model capable of predicting the probability of fatality in pedestrian-vehicle collisions. Binary logistic regression and a probabilistic neural network (PNN) are employed to estimate the probability of pedestrian fatality. Pedestrian age, vehicle type and collision speed are used as independent variables of the fatality model. The models developed herein are valuable tools that can be used to direct safety policies and technologies associated with pedestrian safety.     

车辆通过性仿生试验多路同步参数测试系统的研究

就车辆通过性仿生试验中多数的实时同步测试问题，研制了一个较简便的64通道同步数据采集系统。该系统与AST386SX／16微机联接，可成功地进行沙漠车辆车轮的仿生测试。它不但保证了信号的实时同步性，而且使测试信号以64路转换存储为一组，采样频率可以提高到350Hz以上。     

On the overriding issue of train front end collision in rail vehicle dynamics

A three-dimensional dynamic model of crashed vehicles coupled with moving tracks is developed to research the dynamic behaviour of the train front end collision on tangent tracks. The three-dimensional dynamic model consists of a crashed vehicle model, moving track models, a simple wheel–rail contact model, a velocity-based coupler model and the model of energy absorption and anti-climbing devices. The vector method dealing with the nonlinear wheel–rail geometry is put forward in the paper. The developed model is applicable in the scope that central collisions occur on tangent tracks at low speeds. The examples of the vehicle impacting with a rigid wall and the train front end collision are carried out to obtain the dynamic responses of vehicles. The overriding issue is studied on the basis of the wheel rise in train collisions. The results show that the second bogie of the first colliding vehicle possesses the maximal wheel rise. The wheel rise increases with the increase of vehicles. However, the number of vehicles has tiny influence on the overriding in train collisions at low speeds. On the contrary, the impact speed has significant influence on the overriding in train collisions. The wheel rise increases rapidly if the impact speed is close to the critical speed of overriding. The large wheel rise is principally generated by the great coupler force related to the rigid impact in the axial direction.     

汽车后视镜和门把手内置的风阻仿真研究

车身造型直接决定了汽车在行驶过程中受到的空气阻力的大小。将汽车的后视镜和门把手内置能使车身整体更加符合流线型,降低约3%的整车迎风面积,从而减少汽车在行驶过程中受到的空气阻力。本研究运用Pro/Engineer造型功能建立三维模型,在Hypermesh对模型的流场计算域进行网格划分,然后将网格导入Fluent中进行仿真计算。经过对后视镜和门把手内置模型与后视镜和门把手外置模型的比较分析,得出后视镜和门把手内置能有效的降低汽车的风阻系数,减少汽车在行驶过程中受到的空气阻力。     

Intra-Platoon Collision Behavior during Emergency Operations

This paper presents current research regarding intra-platoon collision dynamics for rapid decelerations. Measures of ride quality and impact severity are introduced to allow comparisons between different collision scenarios. In this study, the disturbance input to the platoon is assumed to be a rapid braking of the lead vehicle. Several deceleration rates are used to assess the overall platoon behavior and the effect of the intra-platoon collisions on the platoon passengers. The role of the desired headway spacing on preventing the occurrence of intra-platoon collisions and improving rider comfort is discussed.     

无信号交叉口左转专用道设置研究

无信号交叉口的许多交通冲突与左转车流有关.左转车流与对面方向直行车流存在冲突,也和与之相交道路的直行和左转车流相冲突.在无信号交叉口处适当地设置左转专用道,能有效地减少冲突,减少因左转车干扰而产生的延误,运用交通流理论、概率论和排队论知识,研究了在无信号交叉口处是否应设置左转专用道,设置左转专用道时的服务水平,左转专用道的设置与所考虑的相关因素之间的关系等,并建立了相关的模型.     

Intra-Platoon Collision Behavior during Emergency Operations

SUMMARY

This paper presents current research regarding intra-platoon collision dynamics for rapid decelerations. Measures of ride quality and impact severity are introduced to allow comparisons between different collision scenarios. In this study, the disturbance input to the platoon is assumed to be a rapid braking of the lead vehicle. Several deceleration rates are used to assess the overall platoon behavior and the effect of the intra-platoon collisions on the platoon passengers. The role of the desired headway spacing on preventing the occurrence of intra-platoon collisions and improving rider comfort is discussed.     

Automated vehicle collisions in California: Applying Bayesian latent class model

The emerging technology of automated vehicles (AV) has been rapidly advancing and is accompanied by various positive and negative potentials. The new technology is expected to affect costs mainly by reducing the number of collisions and travel time, as well as improving fuel efficiency and parking benefits. On the other hand, safety outcomes from AV deployment is a critical issue. Ensuring the safety of AVs requires a multi-disciplinary approach that monitors every aspect of these vehicles. The California Department of Motor Vehicles has mandated that AV collision reports be made public in recent years. This study collected the scanned collision reports filed by different manufacturers that are assessing AVs in California (September 2014 to May 2019). The collected data offers critical information on AV collision frequencies and associated contributing factors. This study provides an in-depth exploratory analysis of the critical variables. We demonstrated a variational inference algorithm for Bayesian latent class models. The Bayesian latent class model identified six classes of collision patterns. Classes associated with turning, multi-vehicle collisions, dark lighting conditions with streetlights, and sideswipe and rear-end collisions were also associated with a higher proportion of injury severity levels. The authors anticipate that these results will provide a significant contribution to the area of AV and safety outcomes.     

Un scénario périurbain de route automatisée

A scenario for a suburban automated highway with the objective of reducing congestion is described. Starting from a reference situation similar to a current traffic lane, the authors consider the influence of a number of parameters on the achievable capacity of an automated section of road. These parameters are used to estimate safe following distances which are computed with the aim of avoiding collisions in the event of sudden braking. They then consider the number of collisions in the presence of a brick wall type obstacle on the carriageway. Ramp metering based on a macroscopic approach leads to a loss of capacity, which we overcome by implementing a management technique that integrates individual vehicles in the stream. Lastly, a general architecture for the scenario with several control and co-ordination layers is proposed.     

Multivariate modeling of pedestrian fatality risk through on the spot accident investigation

Pedestrians are the most vulnerable users of public roads and represent one of the largest groups of road casualties; their death rate around the world due to vehicle-pedestrian collisions is high and tending to rise. In Spain, as in other countries of the European Union, steps have been taken to reduce the number and consequences of such accidents, with encouraging results in recent years. A key to countering this concern is the accident research activity that has obtained remarkable achievements in different fields, especially when multidisciplinary approaches are taken. This paper describes the development of a multivariate model that is able to detect the most influential parameters on the consequences of vehicle-pedestrian collision and to quantify their impact on pedestrian fatality risk. First, an accident database containing detailed information and parameters of vehicle-pedestrian collisions in Madrid has been developed. The accidents were investigated on the spot by INSIA accident investigation teams and analyzed using advanced reconstruction techniques. The model was then developed with two components: (1) a classification tree that characterizes and selects the explanatory variables, identifying their interactions, and (2) a binary logistic regression to quantify the influence of each variable and interaction resulting from the classification tree. The whole model represents an important tool for identifying, quantifying and predicting the potential impact of measures aimed at reducing injuries in vehicle-pedestrian collisions.     

汽车行人碰撞抛射仿真模型

利用PC-Crash软件进行车辆与行人的碰撞仿真试验,提出了第一落地点抛距理论模型,将车辆与行人的碰撞划分为车辆前部与行人的后部和侧面碰撞两种类型,碰撞车型选择当前广泛使用的发动机舱盖略向前下倾斜的梯形前端轿车,建立了车辆与行人后部、侧面碰撞抛距模型和综合碰撞抛距模型,分析了行人相对车辆前端的不同位置对抛距的影响。最后将文中提出的模型与国外行人抛距模型进行对比,结果证明该模型是有效的。     

Evaluation of a brake assistance system (BAS) using an injury severity prediction model for pedestrians

Through the years, traffic engineers and researchers have developed a variety of countermeasures to enhance pedestrian safety. Pedestrian-vehicle collisions are regarded as the most serious type of accident since they incur high fatality rates. A fundamental concept in developing effective countermeasures is to analyze pedestrian-vehicle collisions scientifically, which can identify the causes of accidents and accident severity. The objective of this study was to investigate the pedestrian safety benefit of the brake assistance system (BAS) and a functional requirement associated with BAS, namely the time needed to safely detect a pedestrian ahead. An injury severity prediction model for pedestrians was developed to systematically evaluate the BAS in this study. Ordered multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to establish a statistical model capable of predicting pedestrian injury severity. In addition to vehicle characteristics, collision speed and pedestrian characteristics were used as independent predictor variables. The outcomes of this study would be useful in directing the development of safety policies and technologies associated with pedestrian safety.     

自动制动系统护航安全城市驾驶

四分之三的车辆碰撞发生在低速行使时。沃尔沃（Volvo）汽车公司为最新SUV（运动型多功能车）设计了一种新的基于传感器的制动系统来减少这种风险