客车乘客座椅布置对乘员损伤影响的试验研究

基于ADR68／00法规的座椅动态试验方法,针对某款客车相邻两排乘客座椅,制定三种相对布置的动态试验方案,研究乘客座椅布置对乘员损伤的影响。结果表明,与相邻两排座椅布置状态一致相比,相邻两排座椅如存在横向偏移、高度差则将增大乘员头部和胸部的伤害风险;高度差将降低乘员腿部伤害风险．横向偏移将增大腿部的伤害风险。     

正面碰撞时轿车后排乘员的保护

为提高轿车后排乘员在发生正面碰撞时的安全性,文章利用碰撞仿真分析软件MADYMO,建立包括某轿车车体、安全带和假人的乘员约束系统正面碰撞模型,并与碰撞试验结果进行对比,验证了模型有效性。利用该模型对安全带形式和座垫角度对乘员的HIC、胸部3ms加速度和左右大腿力等损伤值的影响进行了比较,表明使用3点式安全带同时匹配座垫倾角25°的方法,能使头部损伤下降59%,胸部伤害下降20%,腿部损伤下降70%,有效提高后排乘员的安全性。     

防挥鞭伤安全座椅的初步研究

以Euro NCAP挥鞭伤动态评估为基础,采用DOE分析手段,得到座椅部分设计参数对挥鞭伤的影响规律.结果表明,随着座椅设计参数的变化,几个损伤评价指标呈非线性变化,而且是互相影响此消彼长.因此,防挥鞭伤安全座椅设计应是一种多目标综合优化设计.     

座椅安全带样式在碰撞中对乘员头部伤害的影响

常见的客车座椅安全带样式一般为两点式和三点式两种。本文以正在施行的GB13057-2014的大量数据为基础,对采用两种安全带样式的客车座椅在发生碰撞时对乘员头部的伤害规律进行研究并得出以下结论:1,采用三点式安全带的客车在碰撞中乘员头部与前椅发生接触的概率比两点式的低。2,当采用两种不同安全带约束的乘员在碰撞中头部均与前椅接触时,采用三点式安全带约束的乘员头部伤害值的平均值比两点式的低。并通过一系列试验总结两种安全带的特点,为厂家的设计研发提供参考依据,减低研发成本,提高设计效率。     

汽车低速追尾碰撞中人体颈部伤害及保护系统研究

在MADYMO软件中使用BioRIDⅡ后碰撞假人建立追尾碰撞模型,分析了头枕位置和倾角参数对汽车发生追尾碰撞时头颈部动力学的影响,并使用颈部损伤准则值NIC和Nkm来评估颈部损伤的风险。仿真结果表明这些因素对颈部的动力学响应有着重要影响,高而且靠近头部,并且有适当增大倾角的头枕,有助于减小颈部的损伤。     

儿童增高座椅安全带约束路径研究

儿童乘员使用成人安全带约束的儿童增高座椅在发生正面碰撞时,会出现肩部安全带过于接近颈部以及腰部安全带从盆骨滑移的现象,从而导致颈部拉力和弯矩过大,以及造成腹部压力过大的情况.针对该问题进行研究,通过对肩带导向及腰带导向的不同位置进行优化组合,寻找能有效改善该问题的安全带约束路径,同时减少儿童乘员受到的伤害.研究结果表明...     

挥鞭伤及相关法规研究

为降低在低速追尾碰撞中乘员颈部受到的挥鞭伤害,文章对挥鞭伤生成原理、E-NCAP及C-NCAP挥鞭伤试验的评价方法进行了研究,并依据E-NCAP中等强度动态试验标准,对普通头枕及Re-active头枕进行试验对比,从结果评价中可看出,Re-active头枕在头枕接触时间、颈部伤害指标NIC、Nkm及上颈部剪切力4方面均优于普通头枕,试验结果总得分也高于普通头枕,说明Re-active头枕能够在低速尾碰过程中更有效地保护乘员头颈部。     

Analysis of neck fractures from frontal collisions at low speeds

Neck fracture is a major cause of death in traffic accidents. This pattern of injury normally occurs in a frontal collision or overturn of a vehicle. This study investigates the case of a neck fracture from a low-speed collision. In the examined case, the passenger in the front seat of the car fractured his neck and died. He did not have his seatbelt on when the vehicle slipped on a frozen road surface on a downward slope of a hill and impacted into the shoulder of the road at low speed. In this type of collision, an occupant’s body will be impacted by the windshield or other interior trim of the car. However, in this case, rather unusually, neither body tissue nor fiber remained although the collision involved a broken windshield. Thus, the reason for the passenger death was unidentified. This study applied the computer simulation package Madymo for analyzing the accident. The result of the simulation was that the passenger, who did not wear a seatbelt, moved forward due to inertia. The upper part of the passenger then rotated and lifted when the knee contacted with the dashboard. By evaluating the structural deformation of the vehicle at the front, we deduced that the collision velocity was 30 km/h. Through a computational experiment that was undertaken using Madymo 7.0, NIC was estimated to be 240 m²/s². This result far exceeded the threshold for neck injuries. In particular, in comparison with whiplash injuries, when the passenger’s head directly impacts the roof following a rear-end collision, the bending moment through hyperextension of the neck is greatly increased. In this study, we concluded that the manner of death was the hyperextension of the neck, as the passenger’s head contacted the roof from underneath.     

自动驾驶中座椅旋转速度对乘员的影响

为提高自动驾驶车辆的安全性,提出用一种旋转速度曲线把座椅旋转至指定角度,研究此旋转速度下的乘员生物力学响应.首先,根据所建立的碰撞模型与假人试验数据进行对比验证;其次,改变座椅旋转方向和速度研究乘员旋转至指定位置乘员的生物力学响应.结果表明:在200 ms内采用等腰梯形旋转速度曲线旋转至±45°和±90°不会引起乘员额...     

Seat Movement Relative to the Passenger Compartment—A Possible Method to Improve Passenger Protection During Frontal Impacts

SUMMARY

The present study is meant to prove in a theoretical way that a controlled seat movement relative to the passenger compartment will result into an improvement of passenger deceleration during vehicle frontal impacts.

This effect could be of advantage in some respects: as possible alternative for the most favourable design of the energy absorbing zones of a vehicle, as an additional safety device for the occupants of heavy vehicles with relatively soft impact absorbing zones in case of crashes against rigid obstacles, and in small vehicles where only little space exists for passenger protection.

With regard to the complexity of this subject, the study at hand must be regarded as a first step towards the final solution of the problem.     

大客车座椅动态试验

国内客车座椅产品要出口到其他国家,必须达到相应的标准要求。文章主要介绍了国内某客车座椅按照澳标（ADR68/00）的要求进行动态试验的全过程,并通过试验检验座椅的安全性能是否满足标准要求。试验表明,假人的头部伤害指标和右侧假人左腿的伤害指标均不满足标准的要求,由此客车座椅的安全性能未能达到标准要求,需要进一步进行结构优化,通过试验验证方能进入澳大利亚市场。     

Control system synthesis of seat suspensions used for protection of working machine operators

This paper deals with a novel approach to the control system synthesis of semi-active and active seat suspensions. An original control strategy is discussed in order to increase the effectiveness of vibration isolators used for protection of working machines operators. As an example of the proposed control system design, the suspension systems with a magneto-rheological damper and a pneumatic spring are investigated using a laboratory experimental set-up with seated humans.     

Similarity of the measured NIC of a BioRID II dummy in car-to-car rear end impact and sled experiments

The Japan New Car Assessment Program (J-NCAP) evaluates the performance of cars in terms of protection against whiplash injuries in rear-end collisions. In the test protocol, a simplified triangular acceleration is applied to the sled. This study clarifies whether biofidelic rear-impact dummy II (BioRID II) measurements obtained for simplified triangular acceleration reflect car-to-car rear-end impacts in real-world accidents in Japan. We conducted a car-to-car rear-end impact experiment and a simplified-triangular-acceleration sled test. Our results indicate that the time series of dummy responses were approximately consistent in the two test conditions. The neck injury criterion (NIC) and maximum acceleration of the head and T1 measured using the BioRID II dummy were similar in the car-to-car and sled experiments. This revealed that the J-NCAP test protocol using simplified triangular acceleration reflects the car-to-car rear-end impact experiment using Japanese cars, in terms of the NIC and maximum acceleration of the head and T1.     

自动驾驶汽车中乘员在不同座椅朝向下的损伤风险及规避策略

在高度自动化车辆（Highly Automated Vehicle，HAV）中，由于不再需要驾驶人，乘客之间可以实现面对面的交流，这给车辆座椅的布置提供了更大的灵活性。为提高HAV的碰撞安全性，提出使用旋转座椅来改变人体朝向与碰撞方向相对位置的规避策略，其基本思路是在碰撞发生前通过主动改变座椅朝向来降低乘员损伤。首先，利用尸体试验数据对所建立的碰撞模型进行验证；然后，基于4种不同的座椅朝向，利用THUMS^TM人体模型进行初始速度为56 km·h^-1的正面碰撞模拟试验，以确定相对安全的座椅朝向位置；最后，预测座椅旋转过程本身以及旋转至某位置后发生碰撞的乘员损伤风险。在静态正面碰撞中，选择0°、90°、135°和180°四种不同的座椅朝向进行乘员损伤预测和比较，结果表明180°朝向时的乘员损伤风险最小。在此基础上，模拟了200 ms内将座椅旋转±45°和±90°，以及分别在0 ms和100 ms时间延迟后引入碰撞的试验过程。研究结果表明：200 ms能够将乘员旋转±45°和±90°而不引起额外的人体损伤，并且在无时间延迟时，旋转至背对碰撞方向的乘员损伤，比正面碰撞中0°、90°和135°座椅朝向的乘员损伤更低，证明了该损伤风险规避策略的有效性。     

Seat Movement Relative to the Passenger Compartment—A Possible Method to Improve Passenger Protection During Frontal Impacts

The present study is meant to prove in a theoretical way that a controlled seat movement relative to the passenger compartment will result into an improvement of passenger deceleration during vehicle frontal impacts.

This effect could be of advantage in some respects: as possible alternative for the most favourable design of the energy absorbing zones of a vehicle, as an additional safety device for the occupants of heavy vehicles with relatively soft impact absorbing zones in case of crashes against rigid obstacles, and in small vehicles where only little space exists for passenger protection.

With regard to the complexity of this subject, the study at hand must be regarded as a first step towards the final solution of the problem.     

Effects of head restraint and vehicle damage severity on neck injury risk

Domestic automobile insurance claims were investigated to correlate the driver neck injury risk with the safety rating of the head restraint, the severity of vehicle damage, and other human factors. The results of our statistical analysis reveal that the risk of neck injury for the driver is significantly different for vehicle size, use, driver gender, driver age, impact direction, accident location, and safety rating of head restraint, depending on vehicle the damage level which is assumed to imply impact severity during a rear-end crash accident. One of the unique findings from domestic insurance claims from low-speed rear-end crash accidents is the frequent reports of lower back injury together with whiplash. Thus, the risk of lower back discomfort is also included in this statistical analysis.     

Nonlinearity in the vertical transmissibility of seating: the role of the human body apparent mass and seat dynamic stiffness

The efficiency of a seat in reducing vibration depends on the characteristics of the vibration, the dynamic characteristics of the seat, and the dynamic characteristics of the person sitting on the seat. However, it is not known whether seat cushions influence the dynamic response of the human body, whether the human body influences the dynamic response of seat cushions, or the relative importance of human body nonlinearity and seat nonlinearity in causing nonlinearity in measures of seat transmissibility. This study was designed to investigate the nonlinearity of the coupled seat and human body systems and to compare the apparent mass of the human body supported on rigid and foam seats. A frequency domain model was used to identify the dynamic parameters of seat foams and investigate their dependence on the subject-sitting weight and hip breadth. With 15 subjects, the force and acceleration at the seat base and acceleration at the subject interface were measured during random vertical vibration excitation (0.25–25 Hz) at each of five vibration magnitudes, (0.25–1.6 ms^?2 r.m.s.) with four seating conditions (rigid flat seat and three foam cushions). The measurements are presented in terms of the subject's apparent mass on the rigid and foam seat surfaces, and the transmissibility and dynamic stiffness of each of the foam cushions. Both the human body and the foams showed nonlinear softening behaviour, which resulted in nonlinear cushion transmissibility. The apparent masses of subjects sitting on the rigid seat and on foam cushions were similar, but with an apparent increase in damping when sitting on the foams. The foam dynamic stiffness showed complex correlations with characteristics of the human body, which differed between foams. The nonlinearities in cushion transmissibilities, expressed in terms of changes in resonance frequencies and moduli, were more dependent on human body nonlinearity than on cushion nonlinearity.     

基于仿真分析的汽车座椅鞭打性能研究和优化

针对某款轻型客车的手动八向主驾座椅的座椅鞭打试验结果进行改进,通过各个零件的材质替换和结构改进,成功提升了伤害考核指标中的评分,文章着重对仿真分析结果进行分析比较,对不合理的结构进行优化设计,取得明显的改善效果,为整车的被动安全性能提供了足够的支撑。     

关于MPV车型第三排头部空间不足问题的车身优化方案

随着三孩政策的开放,汽车市场7座家用MPV车型需求逐步增大,因受限于造型特征、整车尺寸以及车内安全带等布置限制,第三排乘坐空间较小,易产生压抑感,乘坐舒适度较低,如何在已有的条件限制先充分提升第三排乘坐空间,改善乘坐舒适性已成为各主机厂重点考虑的问题,本文介绍一种改善第三排头头部空间的安全带布置方案以及对应车身结构设计方法。     

基于固有匹配对数据的交通事故致亡风险因素分析

机动车乘员在道路交通事故中死亡风险的大小受到很多因素的影响.为分析交通事故中致亡因素的非线性效应,在美国交通事故死亡分析报告(FARS)的数据基础上,对机动车乘员的事故结果进行匹配筛选,得到了固有匹配对数据.进而以相对死亡风险为衡量指标,通过非参数logistic回归的方法揭露了性别、年龄、安全带的使用情况以及座椅位置4个因素对致亡伤害的深层次影响机理,有望为交通安全政策的制定和交通安全措施的实施提供重要依据.除此之外,非参数logistic模型能够揭露年龄作为连续变量的重要非线性影响.研究结果表明,固有匹配对的数据结构能够排除外界因素对模型的干扰,且性别、年龄、安全带的使用情况以及座椅位置4个因素会对交通事故中机动车乘员死亡风险的大小造成显著影响.女性的死亡风险相对男性高出15.9%(对数值);使用安全带可以降低74.8%的死亡风险(对数值);死亡风险随机动车乘员年龄增长呈上升趋势;小汽车的后座左侧和后座中间位置是最安全的位置.