Synoptic transects on the distribution of trace elements (Hg,Pb, Cd,Cu, Ni,Zn, Co,Mn, Fe,and Al) in surface waters of the Northern- and Southern East Atlantic

Surface seawater samples were taken in the framework of the GEOTRACES program on “POLARSTERN” expedition ANT XXIII/1 in the Eastern Atlantic in 2005 to study the distribution of the trace elements Hg (mercury), Pb (lead), Cd (cadmium), Cu (copper), Ni (nickel), Zn (zinc), Co (cobalt), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), and Al (aluminium). With the exception of Hg, results were compared to earlier datasets from 1989 to 1990. The particulate fraction averaged over the transect was calculated to be 49% for Cd, 23% for Mn and 50% for Fe indicating a release of these TEI's (trace elements and their isotopes) from a leachable SPM fraction in the stored and acidified samples.Total Pb concentrations ranged between 5 and 20 pmol kg^? 1 in 2005 with highest values in the ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone). In 1989 Pb concentrations were twice as high in the region of the ITCZ, while by a factor of 10–15 higher values were obtained in the North Atlantic.Total Cd and Co are dominated, by different seasonal upwelling regimes (Equatorial upwelling, Guinea Dome, Angola Dome).Total Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn and Al show nearly identical concentrations in 1990 and 2005. For total manganese and aluminium strong maxima (3–4 nmol kg^? 1 and 55 nmol kg^? 1 respectively) are observed between 23°N and 0°, while the Fe maximum (6–9 nmol kg^? 1) is located at 7°N. Total Hg concentrations ranged between 0.5 and 4.5 pmol kg^? 1.     

从人机料法环测分析重大工程项目的质量控制

摘要：从工程项目的决策阶段到实施阶段的整个过程中,影响工程项目质量的因素主要有“人、机、料、法、环、测”等六大方面。文章论述了对这六方面的因素予以严格控制是保证重大工程项目质量的关键。     

Monitoring trace elements (Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn) in deep and surface waters of the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Bay of Biscay, Basque Country)

Deep water samples (in contact with the sediment) were collected at eight different points of the estuary of the Nerbioi-Ibaizabal River (Bay of Biscay, Basque Country), both at low and high tides, during four sampling campaigns (May, September and December 2005 and March 2006). Superficial water was also sampled in March 2006. Temperature, pH, redox potential, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity corresponding to each sample were measured in situ at each sampling point using a multiparametric probe. The physico-chemical parameters found are typical of highly stratified estuaries, with an acceptable oxygenation level. After filtering and acidifying the samples, they were analysed by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) to simultaneously determine the total concentration of Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. Concentrations in the μg kg^− 1 level were found in all cases (c_Cr and c_Ni, 1–10; c_Al, c_As and c_Zn, 10–50; c_Cu and c_Mn, 10–100 and c_Fe, 100–400 μg kg^− 1). A probable net input of Al, Cr, Mn and Zn via the main (Nerbioi-Ibaizabal) and some of the tributary rivers (Galindo, Asua and Gobela) was identified. Evidence of a common source of Al and Zn to the estuary was found. Correlation analysis of data revealed connections between variables (concentration of Cu, Fe and As with salinity, as well as c_Al with c_Zn, c_Cu with c_Fe, c_As with c_Fe, and c_As with c_Cu). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of data allowed the samples to be grouped according to sampling campaign, with two principal components accounting for 62% of the total variance. In addition, plots of element concentration against salinity suggested a conservative behaviour for As, Cu and Fe and a non-conservative one for Cr. Not clear mixing behaviour was observed for the rest of elements.     

刚果(布)黑角矿业港总平面布置

针对复杂水动力环境条件下港口平面布置,基于刚果(布)黑角矿业港项目,根据对波浪、海流以及泥沙等主要影响因素的深入分析,提出两个平面方案,并通过方案比选及模型试验研究,采用对周边水动力环境影响小、易于起步、投资回报高的单侧防波堤疏浚土回填造地的双港池平面布置方案。结果表明,对于受复杂水动力影响的刚果(布)及临近海域港区的平面布置,应重点考虑波浪的掩护、沿岸输沙以及波浪和海流对船舶的共同影响。     

Specialization and economic impact of the ports of Montreal,Quebec, Saint John,and Halifax

Specialization in cargoes and forelands is defined for the ports of Montreal, Quebec, Saint John, and Halifax using a variation of the location quotient. Economic impact is also defined using the location quotient. All ports are shown to have some degree of specialization; whereas, Saint John and Halifax have relatively greater economic impact. It is suggested that the four ports should be encouraged to develop their specializations. However, are the benefits to the shipping industry in following such a policy outweighed by the losses to the local economies because investment in certain ports does not take place?     

Specialization and economic impact of the ports of Montreal, Quebec, Saint John, and Halifax

Specialization in cargoes and forelands is defined for the ports of Montreal, Quebec, Saint John, and Halifax using a variation of the location quotient. Economic impact is also defined using the location quotient. All ports are shown to have some degree of specialization; whereas, Saint John and Halifax have relatively greater economic impact. It is suggested that the four ports should be encouraged to develop their specializations. However, are the benefits to the shipping industry in following such a policy outweighed by the losses to the local economies because investment in certain ports does not take place?     

球扁钢等效方法的研究

在进行船体结构强度的计算分析时,需要将球扁钢等效为L型材或T型材进行屈服及屈曲计算。然而,现有的等效转化方法存在较为明显的问题。本文在前人研究基础上,推出两种简化等效方法,并与现有方法进行计算对比,结果表明这两种方法简单方便,精确度高。此外,本文分别使用三种转化方法,运用Mars2000软件计算某船剖面的极限强度。计算结果表明,使用本文提出的等效转化方法一计算船体结构极限强度最合理。     

Hydrology, sediment yield, erosion and sedimentation rates in the estuarine environment of the Ria de Vigo, Galicia, Spain

The aim of this study is to provide a budget study with calculated erosion rates. Three methods have been used to calculate sediment yield and denudation rates in the Ria de Vigo: (1) measurements of sediment loads, (2) measurements of sediment accumulation rates at the coast, (3) theoretical calculations of potential denudation. Sediment loads and water discharge were measured over a period of 14 months from May 1997 to July 1998. Two of the tributaries entering the Ria de Vigo were monitored for 12 more months, from May 2000 to May 2001, to observe changes in discharge and sediment loads. This period corresponded with atypical precipitation, with peak monthly values (600 mm) three times higher than those on record.Water rating curves are typically exponential. Suspended and dissolved loads vary for different rivers, showing values of 1.5 to 130 mg/l during 1997/1998. For 2000/2001, these values are twice as high. Suspended load versus discharge relationships for 1997/1998 were logarithmic, but data from 2000/2001 does not fit the same equation. Dissolved loads are several times higher than suspended loads in almost all cases. Dissolved load concentrations vary more widely with discharge than suspended loads. This is probably due to local pollution and contamination from marine spray in areas closer to the sea.Second, erosion rates and bed load sediment yields were calculated from accumulation rates at the Ramallosa Complex. Well-preserved estuarine and tidal sediments, associated with the Minor River, have accumulated in this area during the Holocene. ¹⁴C ages allow calculation of sedimentation rates (SR) for two intervals. The lower interval extends from 2001 to 484 years BP and yields an SR of 1.12 mm/a. The upper interval extends from 484 years BP to the present and has an SR of 3.3–4.4 mm/a. These differences may be explained by basin dynamics as the beach progressively encloses the area and also by human interference. From sedimentary facies analysis it is concluded that 90% to 95% of the accumulated deposits were transferred to the basin as bed load. Muddy deposits (mostly marshes) are better developed at the upper part of the sediment pile, and inner areas, indicating a progressive shallowing and filling up of the basin. Most of suspended load is exported to the ria, whereas the Ramallosa Complex acts as a sediment sink for bed load derived material.Calculated potential erosion rates using Ahnert's [Am. J. Sci. 268 (1970) 243] equation show lower values than those estimated from river load concentrations. Potential erosion rates for the Minor River are higher than for the Lagares River which contrast with mechanical denudation rate values from river loads during 1997/1998 which are higher for the Lagares River. During 2000/2001 MDR values were higher than those of the potential erosion rates for both rivers, in line with the extremely high precipitation. Higher values in the Lagares could be in part due to human interference.     

系泊系统的稳定性、分岔与混沌研究

概述了近年来在系泊系统的稳定性、分岔与混沌研究方面的进展.从系泊系统的数学模型、非线性动力学特性的研究方法等角度分析了以后的发展趋势.     

浅谈海事船舶管用养修

深入开展海事船舶管用养修工作，为辖区水上安全中心工作提供强有力保障已成为海事船舶管理的重点和难点。介绍了镇江海事局所属船舶基本概况，重点叙述了海事船舶管用养修工作的主要做法。通过船舶管用养护工作的开展，船舶管理长效机制基本形成，船舶良好的技术状态得到保持，素质得到提高，水上突发事件的应急处置能力明显提升。     

Production function, productivities, and capacity utilization of the Port of Mobile

In this study, the author considers the problems related to the expansion of port facilities using economic theory as a basis for discussion and the Port of Mobile as an example.     

超深水钻井船钻台支撑结构设计与强度评估

针对某新型钻井船钻台支撑结构,基于DLA全船有限元分析结果,采用子模型方法,对钻台支撑结构关键区域进行网格细化,综合考虑钻井船生命周期内全部装载和作业工况,对钻台支撑结构进行结构设计和强度评估。分析了各计算工况下的控制载荷,探索了相应的结构优化方向,总结了钻井船钻台支撑结构的设计要点。     

节能环保型抗沉式铝合金游艇的研制

叙述了南太湖区域某企业新近研制了一艘集节能、环保、环境友好型为一体的抗沉式铝合金游艇,其上的关键技术包括:游艇抗沉措施、降温系统的工作原理和实效、以及铝合金船体制作的焊接技术要求和强度计算原则等。     

Production function,productivities, and capacity utilization of the Port of Mobile

In this study, the author considers the problems related to the expansion of port facilities using economic theory as a basis for discussion and the Port of Mobile as an example.     

Design,implementation, and power estimation of a lab-scale flapping-type turbine

A lab-scale flapping-type turbine with a semi-passive activation mode has been designed and implemented. A non-linear dynamic model, developed in our previous work, is validated by a series of experiments along with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Previously, the dynamic model was used only to estimate the dynamic response of a flapping-type turbine. In this work, the applicability of the dynamic model is extended to estimate the hydrodynamic forces, extracted power, and efficiency. It was demonstrated from a comparison of the CFD results and measured values that the dynamic model based on a quasi-steady approach estimates the aforementioned performance parameters of measurements well in cases particularly with a low effective angle of attack, thus demonstrating the usefulness of the dynamic model for a flapping-type turbine at an early stage.     

江苏如东人工岛建设对周边水动力及泥沙冲淤的影响

在南黄海辐射沙洲这样一个水动力和泥沙环境都相当复杂的区域建设浅水人工岛,不仅要考虑人工岛本身的稳定型问题,还要深入地认识浅水人工岛建设引起的流场和泥沙冲淤是否造成目前潮流动力场和"水道—沙洲"系统格局的较大变异、自然演变的趋势性过程是否因人工岛建设而加速或逆转。通过整体潮流泥沙物理模型研究了西太阳沙人工岛工程对滩槽演变趋势的影响和工程区滩冲槽淤的短期波动,探讨了如东人工岛工程建设后,岛周围水动力和泥砂冲淤的变化规律,提出了相应的防冲措施。结果表明,拟建人工岛工程建设引起的水流动力变化主要在西太阳沙附近的浅水区,并局限在1.5倍人工岛直径范围内,对邻近水道深槽区的潮流动力没有影响。人工岛工程没有改变西太阳沙周边各水道潮流动力场格局,没有引致水道间潮流动力此消彼长的变化、未改变控制西太阳沙"水道-沙洲"系统演变的动力泥沙环境,西太阳沙核心部位的稳定主要取决于西太阳沙北侧潮流动力增强的自然演变过程。就人工岛建设而言,东北岛壁前沿有效的防冲护底措施对沙洲核心部位稳定和减少北水道深槽淤积泥沙来源均有积极意义。     

库码头技术在推动港口绿色低碳集约智能化发展中的应用

针对现有港口过多依赖和占用土地及岸线资源、作业效率低下、环境污染严重、智能程度难以提高等问题,采取将常规港口三要素——码头、库场和装卸机械集成为一体的"库码头技术",可在相当程度上解决这些问题,从而转变港口建设方式,推进港口向绿色、低碳、集约、智能化方向快速迈进。     

FOB、CIF、CFR与FCA、CIP、CPT价格术语应用与案例分析

FOB、CIF、CFR与FCA、CIP、CPT价格术语在运输方式、风险转移点、提单签发人、时间、地点、性质及运费计收、保险区段、运输合同订立等方面存在差异,国际商会自上世纪20年代起即不断对有关价格术语进行研究和解释.但由于国际贸易、运输的发展,人们对新、老价格术语中买卖双方的风险转移、责任、费用的划分时常难以理解.本文中作者试通过案例分析说明之.     

A comparison of Chinese,Japanese, and Korean shipyard production technology

This paper compares Chinese, Korean, and Japanese shipyard production technology. Development in the world shipbuilding over recent years has influenced focus areas related to shipyard manufacturing technologies and product performance. Software systems, information technology, production technology, and local challenges of shipyards are compared with shipbuilding outputs among these three countries. Various technologies developments, shipyard production and the problems in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean shipyards are discussed respectively. Finally, future areas of research are pointed out.     

Origins,Management, and Measurement of Stress on the Coast of Southern Spain

A series of boater compliance studies was performed between 1995 and 1998 in order to assess the effectiveness of existing speed zones designed to protect manatees in two Florida counties (Sarasota County and Lee County). Surveys involved teams of boat- or land-based observers positioned along speed-restricted waterways. Vessel characteristics were recorded along with observed speed. Multiple survey sites were sampled within each county. A total of 26,000 vessels was observed and evaluated. Overall boater compliance was 63% in Sarasota County and 58% in Lee County. Compliance varied significantly with vessel type and size. Differences in compliance among survey sites were also significant and were related to travel patterns, traffic volume, vessel composition, sign placement, level of speed restriction, and law enforcement presence. From a management perspective, it is recommended that speed zones for the protection of manatees be evaluated on a site-by-site basis to identify specific areas of concern.