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1.
Modeling residential sorting effects to understand the impact of the built environment on commute mode choice 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
Abdul Rawoof Pinjari Ram M. Pendyala Chandra R. Bhat Paul A. Waddell 《Transportation》2007,34(5):557-573
This paper presents an examination of the significance of residential sorting or self selection effects in understanding the
impacts of the built environment on travel choices. Land use and transportation system attributes are often treated as exogenous
variables in models of travel behavior. Such models ignore the potential self selection processes that may be at play wherein
households and individuals choose to locate in areas or built environments that are consistent with their lifestyle and transportation
preferences, attitudes, and values. In this paper, a simultaneous model of residential location choice and commute mode choice
that accounts for both observed and unobserved taste variations that may contribute to residential self selection is estimated
on a survey sample extracted from the 2000 San Francisco Bay Area household travel survey. Model results show that both observed
and unobserved residential self selection effects do exist; however, even after accounting for these effects, it is found
that built environment attributes can indeed significantly impact commute mode choice behavior. The paper concludes with a
discussion of the implications of the model findings for policy planning.
相似文献
Paul A. WaddellEmail: |
2.
Catherine Morency 《Transportation》2007,34(2):239-253
Ridesharing is quite a popular topic of discussion among transport authority personnel. It is perceived to be a viable alternative
to classical modes of transportation, and receives a great deal of political support from transport planners. However, not
much objective information is available on ridesharing behaviors. We use travel survey data to study the evolution of the
ridesharing market in an urban area. Our study is based on data from four large-scale OD surveys conducted in the Greater
Montreal Area (1987, 1993, 1998 and 2003).
In the latest survey conducted in Montreal, car passengers were asked to identify the driver who gave them the opportunity
to travel in this way. Their answers were classified according to the type of driver; for instance, a member of their household,
a neighbor or a co-worker. We use this information to calibrate a model matching car passengers and car drivers belonging
to the same household. This will be referred to as IHHR (intra-household ridesharing).
Preliminary results reveal that approximately 70% of all trips made by car passengers are the result of IHHR. Furthermore,
around 15% of those trips are questionable, in that they were exclusively generated for another individual’s purposes, consequently
generating an additional trip for the journey back home. Moreover, this percentage increased over time. Objective data regarding
ridesharing and its evolution in an urban area will undoubtedly help decision makers gain a clearer profile of this means
of travel and help to realign attitudes on the issue.
相似文献
Catherine MorencyEmail: |
3.
This paper presents a detailed exploratory analysis of joint activity participation characteristics using the American Time
Use Survey (ATUS). As a very large nationwide survey that explicitly elicited information on both household and non-household
companions for each activity episode, the ATUS is ideally suited for this analysis. Several intuitive and interesting results
are obtained. Joint episodes are found to be of longer durations, significantly likely to take place at the residence of other
people, and often confined to certain time periods of the weekday. In addition, important differences in these characteristics
are also observed based on activity purpose, companion type, and the day of the week. These findings are intended to provide
the basis for the justification of detailed collection of joint activity–travel participation information in household activity–travel
surveys, and also as a stimulant for further empirical analysis and modeling of joint activity participation behavior.
相似文献
Chandra R. BhatEmail: |
4.
What neighborhood are you in? Empirical findings of relationships between household travel and neighborhood characteristics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In recent years, there have been studies of the influence of neighborhood or built environment characteristics on residential
location choice and household travel behavior. Interestingly, there is no uniform definition of neighborhood in the literature
and the definition is often vague. This paper presents an alternative way of defining neighborhood and neighborhood type,
which involves innovative usage of public data sources. Furthermore, the paper investigates the interaction between neighborhood
environment and household travel in the US. A neighborhood here is spatially identical to a census tract. A neighborhood type
identifies a group of neighborhoods with similar neighborhood socio-economic, demographic, and land use characteristics. This
is accomplished by performing log-likelihood clustering on the Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) 2000 data. Five
household travel measures, i.e., number of trips per household, mode share, average travel distance and time per trip, and
vehicle miles of travel (VMT), are then compared across the resulting 10 neighborhood types, using the 2001 National Household
Travel Survey (NHTS) household and trip files. It is found that household life cycle status and residential location are not
independent. Transit availability at place of residence tends to increase the transit mode share regardless of household automobile
ownership and income level, and job-housing trade-offs are evident when mobility is not of concern. The study also reveals
racial preference in residential location and contrasting travel characteristics among ethnic groups.
Dr. Jie Lin (Jane) is an assistant professor in Department of Civil and Materials Engineering and a researcher with the Institute for Environmental Science and Policy at University of Illinois at Chicago. Her research is focused on transportation demand analysis, data mining, and transportation sustainability in private, freight, and public transportation systems. Dr. Liang Long received a Doctorate degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois at Chicago and a Master’s degree in Civil Engineering (Transportation Engineering) from Tongji University. She is currently with Cambridge Systematics as a transportation modeler with expertise in travel demand forecasting, geographic information systems (GIS) and market research. 相似文献
Liang LongEmail: |
Dr. Jie Lin (Jane) is an assistant professor in Department of Civil and Materials Engineering and a researcher with the Institute for Environmental Science and Policy at University of Illinois at Chicago. Her research is focused on transportation demand analysis, data mining, and transportation sustainability in private, freight, and public transportation systems. Dr. Liang Long received a Doctorate degree in Civil Engineering from the University of Illinois at Chicago and a Master’s degree in Civil Engineering (Transportation Engineering) from Tongji University. She is currently with Cambridge Systematics as a transportation modeler with expertise in travel demand forecasting, geographic information systems (GIS) and market research. 相似文献
5.
This paper analyzes transportation mode choice for short home-based trips using a 1999 activity survey from the Puget Sound
region of Washington State, U.S.A. Short trips are defined as those within the 95th percentile walking distance in the data,
here 1.40 miles (2.25 km). The mean walking distance was 0.4 miles (0.6 km). The mode distribution was automobile (75%), walk
(23%), bicycle (1%), and bus (1%). Walk and bicycle are found less likely as the individual’s age increases. People are more
likely to drive if they can or are accustomed to. People in multi-person families are less likely to walk or use bus, especially
families with children. An environment that attracts people’s interest and provides activity opportunities encourages people
to walk on short trips. Influencing people’s choice of transport mode on short trips should be an important part of efforts
encouraging the use of non-automobile alternatives.
相似文献
Gudmundur F. UlfarssonEmail: |
6.
Analysis of household activity scheduling has to date been limited to one-day periods. This paper extends the study of household
task allocation to a one-week period. Using a one-week time use survey held under couples in The Netherlands in 2003, the
paper proposes indicators for measuring task allocation on a daily and weekly scale and investigates to what extent role expectations,
work status and indicators of time pressure influence task allocation patterns. The outcomes suggest that egalitarian role
expectations and higher female work status lead to a more balanced allocation of work and households tasks between spouses.
More traditional role views and increased time pressure lead to more specialisation and inequality between spouses. Interestingly,
households under time pressure apply day-to-day specialisation to arrive at balanced weekly allocation totals.
相似文献
Tanja van der LippeEmail: |
7.
Market segmentation studies in travel behavior research are ordinarily based on socioeconomic characteristics and personality
traits. This study explores the usefulness of a different approach, where the actual overall mobility levels across different
ground transportation modes, along with desired changes in the use of cars and transit, are used as clustering variables.
Using a given mode can in fact influence the personal representation of that mode, which in turn has been proven to be a key
element in transport behaviours. We form such multimodality-based clusters from two field studies, one involving employees
of the French transportation research institute INRETS and the other a representative sample of residents of the US San Francisco
Bay Area. We find that strong users of a given mode would like to bring more balance to their “modal consumptions” by decreasing
the use of this mode more than the average, and increasing the use of the alternative mode. However, concerning ground transport
travel budgets, the desire to travel more (or less) overall seems less strongly related to the composition of the modal balance. The US dataset shows also a greater latent demand for
travel than the French one. Socioeconomic characteristics of the clusters could not explain the patterns that were found,
confirming the importance of taking into account multimodality issues in travel behavior research. Some policy implications
from these findings are finally reported.
相似文献
Patricia L. MokhtarianEmail: |
8.
Singapore motorisation restraint and its implications on travel behaviour and urban sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Piotr S. Olszewski 《Transportation》2007,34(3):319-335
The example of Singapore shows that rapid urban and economic growth does not have to bring traffic congestion and pollution.
Singapore has chosen to restrain car traffic demand due to its limited land supply. Transport policy based on balanced development
of road and transit infrastructure and restraint of traffic has been consistently implemented for the past 30 years. Combined
with land use planning, it resulted in a modern transport system, which is free from major congestion and provides users with
different travel alternatives. As the economic growth caused a substantial increase in demand for cars, several pricing policies
were introduced with the aim of restraining car ownership and usage. Growth of the vehicle population is now controlled and
potentially congested roads are subject to road pricing. These measures help to keep the roads free from major congestion,
maintain car share of work trips below 25% and keep the transport energy usage low. Although Singapore conditions are in many
aspects unique, its travel demand experience can provide useful lessons for other rapidly growing cities in Asia.
相似文献
Piotr S. OlszewskiEmail: |
9.
Residential location,vehicle ownership and travel in Asia: a comparative analysis of Kei-Han-Shin and Kuala Lumpur metropolitan areas 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The study examines the relationships between residential location, vehicle ownership and mobility in two metropolitan areas
of Asia, Kei-Han-Shin area of Japan and Kuala Lumpur area of Malaysia. It shows that, behind apparent similarities of household
auto ownership and travel time expenditure per household member, there are many causal relationships that are distinct between
the areas. The similarities and differences between the two areas point to the conjecture that the evolution of a metropolitan
area may be unique and path dependent, being heavily influenced by the history and culture of the locale, spatial and geographical
constraints, and historical progression in infrastructure development.
Metin Senbil is an Associate Professor in City and Regional Planning Department at Gazi University in Ankara, Turkey. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Engineering from Kyoto University, Japan. His research interests cover different aspects of urban travel demand and its interactions with telecommunications, land use, and policies directed at controlling as well as managing travel demand. Ryuichi Kitamura is Professor of Civil Engineering Systems at Kyoto University, Japan. His past research effort spans in the area of travel behavior analysis and demand forecasting, in particular in activity-based analysis, and panel surveys and dynamic analysis of travel behavior. He is associate editor of Transportation. Dr Jamilah Mohamad is Professor and Head of the Department of Geography, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Her main fields of research interest are travel behavior, the relationship between transport and spatial development and urban growth management. 相似文献
Jamilah MohamadEmail: |
Metin Senbil is an Associate Professor in City and Regional Planning Department at Gazi University in Ankara, Turkey. He obtained the degree of Doctor of Engineering from Kyoto University, Japan. His research interests cover different aspects of urban travel demand and its interactions with telecommunications, land use, and policies directed at controlling as well as managing travel demand. Ryuichi Kitamura is Professor of Civil Engineering Systems at Kyoto University, Japan. His past research effort spans in the area of travel behavior analysis and demand forecasting, in particular in activity-based analysis, and panel surveys and dynamic analysis of travel behavior. He is associate editor of Transportation. Dr Jamilah Mohamad is Professor and Head of the Department of Geography, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. Her main fields of research interest are travel behavior, the relationship between transport and spatial development and urban growth management. 相似文献
10.
This contribution presents theoretical considerations concerning the connections between life situation, lifestyle, choice
of residential location and travel behaviour, as well as empirical results of structural equation models. The analyses are
based on data resulting from a survey in seven study areas in the region of Cologne. The results indicate that lifestyles
influence mode choice, although slightly, even when life situation is controlled for. The influence of life situation on mode
choice exceeds the influence of lifestyle. The influence that lifestyle, and in part also life situation, has on mode choice
is primarily mediated by specific location attitudes and location decisions that influence mode choice, respectively. Here
objective spatial conditions as well as subjective location attitudes are important.
相似文献
Joachim ScheinerEmail: |
11.
Traditionally, researchers studying transportation choice have used data either acquired from household surveys or broad,
region-wide aggregates. At the disaggregate level, researchers usually do not have access to important variables or observations.
This study investigates the potential usefulness of a proxy approach to modeling discrete choice vehicle ownership: substituting
narrow area-based aggregate proxies for missing micro-level explanatory variables by accessing large, publicly maintained
datasets. We use data from the 2000 Bay Area Travel Survey (BATS) and the contemporaneous U.S. Census file to compare three
models of vehicle ownership, drawing area-wide proxies from increasing levels of aggregation. The models with proxies are
compared with a parallel model that uses only survey data. The results indicate that the proxy models are preferred in terms
of model selection criteria, and predict vehicle ownership as well or better than the survey model. Parameter values produced
by the proxy method effectively approximate those returned by household survey models in terms of coefficient sign and significance,
particularly when the aggregate variables are representative of their household-level counterparts. The proxy model with the
narrowest level of aggregation achieved the best fit, coefficient precision, and percentage of correct prediction.
相似文献
Jeffrey WilliamsEmail: |
12.
Stated choice experiments have proven to be a powerful tool in eliciting preferences across a broad range of choice settings.
This paper outlines the elements of a group-based experiment designed for interdependent urban freight stakeholders, along
with the procedure to administer the questionnaire sequentially. The focus is on the design of a computer-assisted personal
survey instrument and the value in disseminating the details of a new approach to design and collect stated choice data for
interacting agents. The paper also discusses how to specify a reference alternative, and then how to recruit appropriate real-market
or representative decision-making group members to participate in a subsequent phase of the survey, which incorporates the
reference alternative and contextual information from an initial phase. The empirical strategy, set out in some detail, provides
a new framework within which to understand more fully the role that specific attributes, such as variable user charges, influencing
freight distribution chains might play, and who in the supply chain is affected by specific attributes in terms of willingness
to pay for the gains in distribution efficiency.
相似文献
Andrew CollinsEmail: |
13.
Mintesnot G. Woldeamanuel Rita Cyganski Angelika Schulz Andreas Justen 《Transportation》2009,36(4):371-387
For economic and environmental policy formulation and with the effort of creating less car dependent societies, it is important
to study the changing characteristics of car ownership in a household through time as well as factors responsible of these
variations. There is a vast body of literature on empirical studies of car ownership and use. These studies have investigated
the socio-economic background of the decision maker, the built environment and the perception associated with owning a car
as determinant factors of car ownership and use. In most cases, these analyses have been carried out using cross-sectional
data sets. However, the analysis of factors determining changes in travel behavior of an individual or household requires
information on their behavior over time (longitudinal data set). In this study, the German Mobility Panel (1996–2006) is used
to examine variation of car ownership through time and across households. The panel data modeling results showed that there
are variations of car ownership between households whereas changes in car ownership of a given household over time (within
household variations) are insignificant. The influence of other factors such as the households’ socio-economic background,
the availability of public transportation and shopping/leisure facilities, perception on parking difficulties and satisfaction
with existing public transportation services on the car owning characteristics of households is also presented and discussed
in this paper.
相似文献
Andreas JustenEmail: |
14.
This paper suggests using a proportional hazard model to predict personal income, for the purpose of imputing missing income
data in household travel surveys. The model has a hazard function that comprises two multiplicative components: (1) a non-parametric
baseline hazard function that is dependent only on the income level and (2) a function that is dependent only on the other
personal attributes of the survey respondents (excluding income). To estimate and validate the model, data is drawn from a
travel characteristics survey conducted in Hong Kong in year 2001. The model is found to have a much higher accuracy when
compared with a conventional ordered probit model based on the assumption that the logarithm of income is normally distributed.
C.·O. Tong is an Associate Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong. He received his B.Sc. (Eng.) degree from the University of Hong Kong, M.Sc. (Transportation Engineering) degree from Leeds University and Ph.D. degree from Monash University. His research interests are in transport demand modeling and dynamic network modeling. Jackie K. L. Lee worked as a Research Assistant at the Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong during the period from March 2004 to April 2005. She received her B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees in Civil Engineering from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. She is a Chartered Engineer and is also Corporate Members of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and the Institution of Structural Engineers. 相似文献
C. O. TongEmail: |
C.·O. Tong is an Associate Professor at the Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong. He received his B.Sc. (Eng.) degree from the University of Hong Kong, M.Sc. (Transportation Engineering) degree from Leeds University and Ph.D. degree from Monash University. His research interests are in transport demand modeling and dynamic network modeling. Jackie K. L. Lee worked as a Research Assistant at the Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong during the period from March 2004 to April 2005. She received her B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees in Civil Engineering from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. She is a Chartered Engineer and is also Corporate Members of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and the Institution of Structural Engineers. 相似文献
15.
This study explores the relationships between adoption and consideration of three travel-related strategy bundles (travel
maintaining/increasing, travel reducing, and major location/lifestyle change), linking them to a variety of explanatory variables.
The data for this study are the responses to a fourteen-page survey returned by nearly 1,300 commuting workers living in three
distinct San Francisco Bay area neighborhoods in May 1998. We first identified patterns of adoption and consideration among
the bundles, using pairwise correlation tests. The test results indicate that those who have adopted coping strategies continue
to seek for improvements across the spectrum of generalized cost, but perhaps most often repeating the consideration of a
previously-adopted bundle. Furthermore, we developed a multivariate probit model for individuals’ simultaneous consideration
of the three bundles. It is found that in addition to the previous adoption of the bundles, qualitative and quantitative Mobility-related
variables, Travel Attitudes, Personality, Lifestyle, Travel Liking, and Sociodemographics significantly affect individual
consideration of the strategy bundles. Overall, the results of this study give policy makers and planners insight into understanding
the dynamic nature of individuals’ responses to travel-related strategies, as well as differences between the responses to
congestion that are assumed by policy makers and those that are actually adopted by individuals.
Sangho Choo is a Research Associate at The Korea Transport Institute. His research interests include travel demand modeling, travel survey methods with GPS, and travel behavior modeling. Patricia L. Mokhtarian is a professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, chair of the interdisciplinary Transportation Technology and Policy MS/PhD program, and Associate Director for Education of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis. She has been modeling travel behavior and attitudes for more than 30 years. 相似文献
Patricia L. Mokhtarian (Corresponding author)Email: |
Sangho Choo is a Research Associate at The Korea Transport Institute. His research interests include travel demand modeling, travel survey methods with GPS, and travel behavior modeling. Patricia L. Mokhtarian is a professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, chair of the interdisciplinary Transportation Technology and Policy MS/PhD program, and Associate Director for Education of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis. She has been modeling travel behavior and attitudes for more than 30 years. 相似文献
16.
Clarke Wilson 《Transportation》2008,35(4):485-499
Daily activity diaries can be recorded as sequences of characters representing events and their contexts as they unfold during
the day. Dynamic programming algorithms as used in bioinformatics have been used by a number of researchers to measure the
similarities and differences between travel patterns on the basis of temporal sequencing of events, activity transition, and
total activity time. The resultant similarity matrices have been shown to be more effective in classifying sequential patterns
than classifications based on alternative similarity indices. The basic algorithms can be amended to include the geographic
coordinates of events by a suitable amendment to the definition of distance. This permits quantitative classification of Hagerstrand-type
activity trajectories on the basis of both activity and spatial similarity. Such a classification can be used to group similar
trajectories and to identify representative trajectories that are analogous to measures of central tendency in univariate
statistics, giving more concrete meaning to the concept of the activity pattern than any other method now available. The paper
illustrates the effect of considering both events and locations in the classification of daily activity patterns using activity
diary data gathered in the town of Reading. The algorithm has been implemented in the Clustal_TXY alignment software package.
相似文献
Clarke WilsonEmail: |
17.
An integrated spatio-temporal GIS toolkit for exploring intra-household interactions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper reports on the development of an integrated spatio-temporal GIS toolkit that facilitates the exploration of intra-household
interactions. Two tools comprise the toolkit. The first tool, Space-Time Coincidence Analyst, identifies joint activity/travel episodes undertaken by household members. The core of this tool is a set of flexible criteria
for classifying episodes as either joint or independent. The second tool, Space-Time Path Visualizer, not only displays space-time paths for household members, but also shows joint episodes undertaken by any two household
members together. The toolkit can be applied to any household-based, activity/travel data set so long as required information
is specified by the user. To demonstrate its usefulness for research, the toolkit is applied to the TAPS (Toronto Activity
Panel Survey) 2002–03 data set. The results suggest that considerable variation exists in the number of joint activity/travel
episodes identified using different classification criteria. Specifically, when using restrictive criteria (i.e., same timing,
specific activity type/travel mode), only 2,265 joint activity/travel episodes are identified compared to 8,791 when using
more flexible criteria. In turn, our results show that certain key attributes for independent and joint activity/travel episodes
(i.e., frequency per household, starting time, ending time and duration) also vary under the different classification criteria.
Hejun Kang is a PhD candidate in the School of Geography and Earth Sciences at McMaster University. She holds a MSc degree in Geographic Information Science from the University of Calgary. Her doctoral research concerns intra-household interactions in the context of activity/travel behavior. Darren M. Scott is an Associate Professor of Geography at McMaster University. His current research centers on inter-agent decision making with regards to activity/travel behavior, and on issues concerning aggregation in activity-based travel demand models, most notably the treatment of space and the classification of activities. 相似文献
Darren M. ScottEmail: |
Hejun Kang is a PhD candidate in the School of Geography and Earth Sciences at McMaster University. She holds a MSc degree in Geographic Information Science from the University of Calgary. Her doctoral research concerns intra-household interactions in the context of activity/travel behavior. Darren M. Scott is an Associate Professor of Geography at McMaster University. His current research centers on inter-agent decision making with regards to activity/travel behavior, and on issues concerning aggregation in activity-based travel demand models, most notably the treatment of space and the classification of activities. 相似文献
18.
In most developed countries motorized transportation is the dominant form of travel for long and short journeys. Transport-related
physical activity (TPA), however, is advocated as an appropriate transport mode for traveling short distances. The purpose
of this study is to explore the associations between private automobile availability, overall physical activity levels, and
TPA engagement in the adult population. A population-representative telephone survey assessed socio-demographics, private
automobile availability, overall physical activity levels, and travel to place of work/study and the convenience shop with
an adult sample (n = 2,000) residing in North Shore City, Auckland, New Zealand in April 2005. The majority of respondents reported unrestricted
(80%) or frequent (12%) private automobile availability. After controlling for covariates, binary logistic regression analyses
revealed those with no private automobile available were less likely to be classified as sufficiently active for health benefits
when compared to respondents with unrestricted private automobile availability. However, this finding was based on a small
minority (4%). Also, those reporting no private automobile availability were more likely to walk or cycle to place of employment
and the convenience shop when compared to those with unrestricted private automobile availability. Similar to other self-report
travel and physical activity survey tools, the questionnaire used potentially did not adequately capture TPA engagement. Future
TPA research needs to incorporate objective measures to address this issue.
相似文献
Hannah M. BadlandEmail: |
19.
The influence of built environment to the trends in commuting journeys in the Netherlands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this paper we describe commuting trends in the Netherlands in the past decade and examine the influence of urban form and
travel accessibility on commuting journeys over time on the basis of data from the Dutch National Travel Survey. Exploratory
analysis is performed to identify changes in commuting participation, departure time, commuting time, commuting distance and
the modal split. Regression analysis and choice models are used to examine the influence of the built environment on commuting
parameters over time. The results indicate that urban form has consistently influenced the parameters of commuting journey
in the Netherlands in the last 10 years. However, the trend of the influence is unique for each commuting model. Some influences
have become less significant in the last decade and some have become stronger.
相似文献
Kees MaatEmail: |
20.
Children’s mode choice for the school trip: the role of distance and school location in walking to school 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Noreen C. McDonald 《Transportation》2008,35(1):23-35
Rising levels of childhood obesity in the United States and a 75% decline in the proportion of children walking to school
in the past 30 years have focused attention on school travel. This paper uses data from the US Department of Transportation’s
2001 National Household Travel Survey to analyze the factors affecting mode choice for elementary and middle school children.
The analysis shows that walk travel time is the most policy-relevant factor affecting the decision to walk to school with
an estimated direct elasticity of −0.75. If policymakers want to increase walking rates, these findings suggest that current
policies, such as Safe Routes to School, which do not affect the spatial distribution of schools and residences will not be
enough to change travel behavior. The final part of the paper uses the mode choice model to test how a land use strategy—community
schools—might affect walking to school. The results show that community schools have the potential to increase walking rates
but would require large changes from current land use, school, and transportation planning practices.
Noreen C. McDonald is an Assistant Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research focuses on how the environment affects children’s travel behavior. 相似文献
Noreen C. McDonaldEmail: |
Noreen C. McDonald is an Assistant Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her research focuses on how the environment affects children’s travel behavior. 相似文献