船舶在“交叉相遇局面”中避让

本文在阐述了船舶在交叉相遇局面中的定义和责任的基础上，对这种局面中的让路船和直航船应采取的避让方法及行动作了介绍和说明。同时，通过对船舶在交叉相遇局面中发生的典型碰撞案例的分析，归纳了这类事故主要的发生原因，并就如何预防这类事故提出了相应的措施与方法。     

拖网渔船避碰行为的不确定性分析

通过对交叉相遇局面中单拖网渔船避碰行为的实际调查，应用信息熵理论，建立了避碰行为的不确定性模型。借助对交叉相遇局面中的让路船在不同距离、不同DCPA时采取避碰行动的不确定性分析，为相应局面中的船舶避碰决策提供参考。     

基于碰撞案例的船舶会遇局面的判断与理解

海上船舶会遇局面主要有三种：对遇局面、交叉相遇局面和追越局面。其中,交叉相遇局面是最为频繁和常见的会遇局面,如何正确的区分对遇局面和交叉相遇局面以及在这两个局面下正确的理解、运用避碰规则是船舶驾驶员,尤其是新任船舶驾驶员必须掌握的航海基本技能。     

小角度交叉相遇碰撞事故的分析与预防

通过对船舶碰撞案例的分析,研究了小角度交叉相遇碰撞事故发生的原因,并进一步提出预防小角度交叉相遇碰撞事故发生和碰撞不可避免时减轻碰撞损失的措施。     

右舷大角度交叉相遇局面下的船舶碰撞风险分析

通过对典型事故案例中异常现象全面分析,研究右舷大角度交叉相遇局面下的船舶碰撞风险,结合《1972年国际海上避碰规则》和相关海事法律法规要求,对船舶航行方法、航运公司和海事管理机构的安全管理提出建议,以供航运从业者及海事管理部门参考借鉴。     

追越 对遇 交叉相遇

船舶航行在茫茫大海上,虽然没有有形的航线,却有无穷多的航迹。这些航迹错综复杂,相互交叉,致使航行在浩瀚无际海洋上的船舶会有相遇的机会。追越、对遇和交叉相遇是航行中两船相遇时所构成的三种位置关系,或者说是相遇的三种局面。“1972年国际海上避碰规则”(以下简称“规则”)规定了构成这三种局面的条件,又根据这三种局面,规定了相遇两船应尽的义务和权利。提出这三种局面的论说,最早见之于英国商务部     

船舶避碰行为解析

船舶在公海和连接公海的水域中航行,由于航线错综复杂,相互交叉,会有相遇的机会.追越、对遇和交叉相遇则是两船相遇时所构成的三种位置关系,或曰相遇的三种局面.<1972年国际海上避碰规则>(以下简称<规则>)规定了构成这三种局面的条件,又根据这三种局面,规定了相遇两船的义务和权利,以及所采取的避让行动.     

船舶在对遇、交叉相遇中与他船形成紧迫局面的时间的计算

船舶避碰首要的是要避免两船紧迫局面的形成,此文根据船舶在对遇、交叉相遇的避让中判定与他船形成紧迫局面的实际,提出本船与他船形成紧迫局面的时间(TCQA)的计算方法。     

船舶在能见度不良时的避让

对能见度不良时船舶间的避让责任及方法作了介绍和说明。同时，对船舶在能见度不良时发生的典型碰撞案例的分析，归纳了这类事故发生的主要原因，并就如何预防这类事故提出了相应的措施。     

论在对遇局面下船舶避让操纵的方法

针对大型化、快速化、经船舶给海上避碰带来的新课题，概要分析对遇局面下发生舶碰撞事故特点和原因，提出船舶在对遇局面下的避让操纵。旨在探讨在对遇局面下避让操纵的最佳方法，以便习可能地减少或避免恶性的船舶碰撞事故。     

交叉相遇局面中两船的避碰

根据国际海上操纵与避碰规则与航海实践经验,介绍交叉相遇局面中两船的责任划分,并对两船的避碰时机以及船舶操纵加以说明。     

背离条款和背离操纵问题探讨

本文对《１９７２年国际海上避碰规则》（以下简称《规则》）中的背离条款作了一些有益的探讨。文章通过实例以及对有关术语涵义的辨析，对采取背离行动的必要条件和时机作了具体分析，并通过图解对互见中处于交叉相遇态势船舶的应急操纵行动进行了分析比较，提出了相应的合理的背离操纵方案。     

会聚追越/交叉中两船的避让

从讨论构成追越的条件和追越船的责任出发,分析了会聚追越/交叉态势下两船容易发生碰撞的原因和两船的避让关系,并提出了此种会遇态势下的避让注意事项。     

An analytical method for predicting the ship side structure response in raked bow collisions

As an increasing number of ships continue to sail in heavy traffic lanes, the possibility of collision between ships has become progressively higher. Therefore, it is of great importance to rapidly and accurately analyse the response and consequences of a ship's side structure subjected to large impact loads, such as collisions from supply vessels or merchant vessels. As the raked bow is a common design that has a high possibility of impacting a ship side structure, this study proposes an analytical method based on plastic mechanism equations for the rapid prediction of the response of a ship's side structure subjected to raked bow collisions. The new method includes deformation mechanisms of the side shell plating and the stiffeners attached. The deformation mechanisms of deck plating, longitudinal girders and transverse frames are also analysed. The resistance and energy dissipation of the side structure are obtained from individual components and then integrated to assess the complete crashworthiness of the side structure of the struck ship. The analytical prediction method is verified by numerical simulation. Three typical collision scenarios are defined in the numerical simulation using the code LS_DYNA, and the results obtained by the proposed analytical method and those of the numerical simulation are compared. The results correspond well, suggesting that the proposed analytical method can improve ship crashworthiness during the design phase.     

Shipping inspections,detentions, and incidents: an empirical analysis of risk dimensions

ABSTRACT

Inspections play a key role in keeping vessels safe. Inspection authorities employ different policies to decide which vessels to inspect, including type of vessel, age, and flag. Attention for vessel history is usually restricted only to past detentions. This paper demonstrates that the correlation between the probabilities of detention and (very serious and serious) incidents is very low and that proactive prevention of future incidents is improved by accounting for both risk dimensions, that is, by combining past incident and detention information for targeting high-risk vessels for inspection. Five combined methods are presented to classify vessels based on these two risk dimensions, each of which involves extensive sets of factors. These combined classification methods have predictive power for future incidents. Depending on the applied inspection rate, incorporation of incident risk improves inspection hit rates for vessels with future incidents by 30–50% compared to using only detention information. It is recommended to focus on vessels where both risks are relatively high. A practical example shows how the methods can be applied for inspection selection and for prioritizing inspection areas defined in terms of eight risk domains that include collisions, groundings, engine and hull failures, loss of life, fire, and pollution.     

Collapse behaviour of a push-barge

Modern inland vessels are open-top, double-hull ships with unusually large length-to-beam and length-to-height ratios, shallow draught and an extremely long cargo hold. Therefore, they have low bending and torsional rigidity. Moreover, the state of the ship structure changes appreciably in course of service due to minor collisions, groundings in shallow water, corrosion and fatigue. Such imperfections reduce the stability and strength of the structure. The safety against collapse decreases. This paper shows the results of a systematic investigation of a typical push-barge structure using the finite-element-method.     

限制水域的船舶避让责任与避碰分析

限制水域是船舶会遇率较高的水域,也是事故多发水域。在对限制水域船舶避让的法律条款适用问题和碰撞事故原因分析的基础上,提出限制水域船舶会遇构成追越、对遇和交叉等态势下的避让责任的划分,特别讨论了限制水域端部的会遇船舶的避让责任问题。最后,对限制水域船舶避让行动提出了戒备、航行与避让、声号信号与通信、航行值班、操纵与应急操作等方面的要求。     

On Impact mechanics in ship collisions

The purpose of this paper is to present analytical, closed-form expressions for the energy released for crushing and the impact impulse during ship collisions. Ship–ship collisions, ship collisions with rigid walls and ship collisions with flexible offshore structures are considered. The derived mathematical models include friction at the contact point so that situation where the collision results in a sliding motion is included. Results obtained by application of the present procedure are compared with results obtained by time simulations and good agreement has been achieved. In addition, a number of illustrative examples are presented. The procedure presented in the paper is well suited for inclusion in a probabilistic calculation model for damage of ship structures due to collisions.     

长江江阴段商船对渔船避让的安全措施研究

文中通过对渔船的种类及特点的介绍,结合单一商船和渔船碰撞的案例,分析了渔船和商船碰撞的主要原因,进而对商船航行在渔区时应采取的安全措施提出了一些建议。