“桑吉”轮油污损害赔偿法律适用问题探析

“桑吉”轮所载货物凝析油,不属于《1992年责任公约》所调整的“持久性油类”范畴,此外其还装载有1900余吨船用燃料油。该案作为世界上首例“凝析油”油船海难事故,因此导致油污损害赔偿法律适用问题并不明朗,适用不同法律可能导致相关方赔偿责任限制差异巨大。探究“桑吉”轮案油污损害赔偿法律适用问题,不仅有助于满足我国现实司法需要,更可为我国乃至世界处理此类油污损害问题提供有益借鉴。文中将从国际公约及国内法角度,对“桑吉”轮油污损害赔偿问题可能涉及的法律适用问题进行探析。     

Marine accident analysis for collision and grounding in oil tanker using FTA method

In this study, collision and grounding data registered in GISIS (Global Integrated Shipping Information System) were investigated for oil tankers. The database includes the information of the collision and grounding accidents during the period between 1998 and 2010 in oil tankers. The risk assessments were carried out using fault tree analysis (FTA) programme for the incidents as collision and grounding occurred in oil tankers. In this study, we were able to investigate first the potential problems which cause the collision and grounding accidents have been determined, second, the occurrence of accidents has been shown with causal factors by the FTA method, and, finally, the significance degree of the initial events causing occurrence of accidents have been put forth. Collision in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (81%), pollution (6%) and death or injury (13%). Grounding in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (91%) and pollution (9%). According to the FTA results, the main reason for the accidents originating from human error is as follows: for collision accidents, Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) violation and the lack of communication between vessels; and for grounding accidents, the interpretation failure of the officer on watch and lack of communication in the bridge resource management.     

Offering refuge is better than refusing

Historically, there is a long tradition of granting vessels in distress a place of refuge, particularly for humanitarian reasons, but more recently there has been a growing apprehension of coastal states to grant refuge. This apprehension has mostly centred upon the risk of pollution damage. The liability of the shipowner for damage to third parties, the existing liability regimes and the sufficiency of the existing compensation mechanisms, particularly bearing in mind the shipowner’s right to limit liability are reviewed. Against this background the paper analyses different options of decision making regarding whether refuge is granted or not. The conclusion is that the interests of the coastal state and the vessel need to be balanced against each other and that that balance in the majority of situations should result in gran ting a place of refuge.     

《燃油公约》的实施对建立和完善我国污染损害赔偿机制的作用

随着我国海洋经济的迅猛发展,海上船舶活动密度迅速增加,船舶发生污染事故的风险也随之增加,导致对船舶污染损害赔偿的压力增大。文中通过《2001年国际燃油污染损害民事责任公约》的生效实施对我国污染损害赔偿机制的作用分析,提出建立和完善我国污染损害赔偿机制的意见和建议。     

绿色油船发展趋势分析

以油船防污染为切入点,深入探讨单壳油船到双壳油船,再到共同规范时代油船的产生、发展变化,对未来绿色船舶发展浪潮中油船发展趋势进行分析,并针对业界应对绿色油船发展提出建议。     

中国加入"国际燃油公约"分析

国际燃油公约预计将于近期生效,本文从公约的核心内容入手,重点分析了我国燃油污染损害现状及我国批准加入公约的原因,并提出了现阶段我国应对燃油公约的决策建议。     

The economics of double-hulled tankers

A cost-benefit analysis is conducted on the double-hull requirements for oil tankers in United States' waters contained in the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990. The benefits of reduced spillage are compared with the increased construction and operations costs of double-hulled vessels. In the most probable scanario, the expected benefits are only 20% of the expected costs. Double-hulls do not even show a positive net present value with the most favorable assumptions. Even if double-hulls prevent all of the spillage that occurs due to collisions and groundings, and that the damage per gallon spilled is as extensive as in the ‘Exxon Valdez’ incident, the benefits are under half of the costs.     

对墨西哥湾溢油事故钻井平台申请责任限制的思考

墨西哥湾溢油事故造成重大损失,钻井平台责任限制问题日显突出.移动式钻井平台属于海商法意义的船舶,依据责任限制的立法宗旨,应赋予移动式钻井平台享有油污损害赔偿责任限制的权利,且以"事故制"的计算方法解决责任限额问题.     

论我国船舶油污损害赔偿基金制度的完善

文中结合中国国情及国际相关做法,提出了建立我国船舶油污损害赔偿基金制度的相关建议,以期对该制度进一步完善     

谈海上钻井平台油污损害赔偿责任限制

文中通过分析美国关于海上钻井平台的油污损害赔偿规定责任限额及丧失的条件,提出中国应该建立独立的海上钻井平台油污损害赔偿的责任限制,同时提出建立责任限制制度的配套措施,规定责任限制丧失的条件和相应的经济责任制度。     

小型液货船惰性气体系统最新动向

防止油船和化学品船火灾及爆炸事故一直是IMO关注的问题,同时也是油轮公司和化学品船公司日常安全管理的重点之一。液货船(包括油船、化学品船和液化气体船)在海上航行或在货物操作期间,可能发生各种不可预测的因素,存在着很多巨大的火灾或爆炸危险性。为确保安全,避免航行及货物操作期间各种不可预测因素的影响,只有在液货船,如油船上安装惰性气体系统,并对船员作全面培训,才能减少甚至防止事故的发生。     

关于建立我国船舶油污损害赔偿机制问题研究

船舶一旦发生溢油事故,往往给受害人带来巨额的经济损失。为了减少该损失,世界上几乎所有的石油进出口大国都建立了船舶油污损害赔偿机制。然而我国目前并没有专门的油污损害赔偿立法,种种弊端突显。因此,我国亟待建立适合我国国情的油污损害赔偿机制,借鉴国际上的成熟经验,逐步与国际接轨。     

长江小油船的污染及其防治

通过对小油船造成油污染途经和在防污染方面存在问题的分析,提出长江小油船的油污染防治手段与对策。     

论船舶溢油污染及应急反应

近年来油船的数量和吨位越来越大,油船进出港口次数日渐增加,船舶发生海损事故的几率也随之增加。由于船舶碰撞等海难事故而发生的溢油,也成为海域污染的主要污染源之一。目前我国的海上溢油应急防治能力还是较低的,与国际上相关先进成果相比,理论和实用性方面均有一定差距,提高海上溢油应急反应能力刻不容缓。     

船舶油污损害赔偿评估的模糊类比分析法

根据油污事故损害赔偿案例之间所具有的类比性,以及事故产生损害程度与溢油种类、数量、油膜扩散面积、受污海岸类型和长度等指标密切相关的特点,提出油污损害赔偿评估的多指标模糊类比分析方法,通过等评估的油污事故与历史赔偿案例之间的多指标综合类比进行关于损害程度的模糊排序,从而分析得到的此次油污事故的损害程度大小及应赔偿索赔的范围和具体数值,与直接统计评估法相比,分析方法所需要的数据和资料较少而且易得,评估     

我国船舶油污损害赔偿法律制度构想

随着船舶油污损害的加剧,我国正酝酿制订船舶油污损害赔偿专门立法。本文提出我国船舶油污损害赔偿立法应由四大基本制度构成,即适用范围制度、赔偿主体制度、赔偿范围制度、赔偿限制制度。     

波激振动和砰击颤振对大型油船疲劳强度影响研究

文章给出线性波激振动和砰击颤振引起的大型油船结构疲劳贡献度的计算方法。基于三维线性水弹性理论可计算得到包括刚体和2节点的振动模态下的垂向弯矩的传递函数,采用谱分析法对某30万吨油船进行结构疲劳强度计算,分析波激振动对船体结构疲劳损伤影响;基于二维非线性波浪载荷程序（含砰击颤振的波浪载荷）,采用时域方法对该油船进行船体梁弯矩计算,分析砰击颤振对船体梁弯矩及疲劳载荷的影响;结果表明对于该类大型油船波激振动和砰击颤振对船体的结构疲劳损伤的影响不可忽略。     

A case study related to the improvement of working and rest hours of oil tanker deck officers

Navigation safety on coastal waters is an extremely important issue. Fatigue is an important factor threatening navigation safety. Considering that the vessel type is an oil tanker, such a threat is not posed only to the crew but also to the environment. Most of the tankers navigating coastal waters are in the small tanker category. Therefore, this study examined the working and resting hours of the deck officers in the oil tankers navigating coastal waters. The study utilized the ISF Watchkeeper 3 program for assessing and interpreting the working periods. The study reached the conclusion that the first and second officers in particular are working under unsuitable conditions. To improve the working conditions of the deck officers, effects of additional cargo officer on board was investigated. This study is in quality of recommendation. The study elucidated that the cargo officer practice determines the working and resting hours of deck officers, in the work on the oil tankers, and compliance with the related conventions.     

Replacement of very large and ultra large crude carriers

The technical and economic conditions of World War II that led to the building of Liberty vessels and compared with those that led to the building of the present very large and ultralarge crude carries (VLCCs and ULCCs) for the purpose of revealing similarities that could indicate when a massive replacement of the existing large tankers is to be expected. The Liberties were replaced within a relatively short time by ships of twice their efficiency and in a situation where transport demand was growing and insurance premiums for old vessels greatly increased. International rules and regulations played on great role. The development of tankers has not produced ships that from an economical point of view are markedly better than previously existing vessels; the demand for tankers has not increased during the last 15 years; the insurance coasts of existing tankers have increased only moderately; and the introduction of new international and national rules for tanker design have made it worthwhile to conserve existing vessels. Although there is a similarity in age distribution between the Liberties and the VLCCs and ULCCs, the situation of the two categories of vessel is otherwise so different that a demand for a VLCC and ULCC replacement of the same magnitude as was experienced for the Liberties cannot be expected.     

海上油污法律责任及其赔偿

近几年世界范围内的油污事故不仅后果严重,而且带来前所未有的各种问题,引起各国法律界和航运界的高度关注,并在油污损害赔偿的范围上有诸多争议。针对目前油污损害赔偿范围中的几个难点问题加以详细研究,包括:油污事故适用的法律、损害赔偿范围和项目的确定、纯经济损失可否列入损害赔偿的范围、环境污染后引起的海洋资源的中长期损失。