桥梁混凝土外观质量问题及控制方法浅析

桥梁质量是公路工程质量的关键所在,在目前公路建设更加注重品质管理的形势下,桥梁混凝土外观质量控制显得尤为重要,文章主要分析了桥梁混凝土外观质量问题,并提出相应的控制措施和方法,对于提高桥梁工程质量,打造精品标杆工程具有重要的现实意义。     

桥梁混凝土外观质量控制措施研究

文章通过查阅相关文献资料,结合实际工作经验,对桥梁混凝土外观质量的缺陷种类、产生原因、处理措施进行研究和总结,并提出相应控制措施,为今后桥梁混凝土外观质量控制措施研究提供参考。     

浅谈预防混凝土裂缝

混凝土裂缝是混凝土施工中常见的现象,随着现代桥梁技术的发展,对桥梁的外观质量要求越来越高,混凝土施工中减少混凝土裂缝是提高混凝土质量的重要措施.就所参与施工的平安至西宁、平安至阿岱高速公路建设中出现的混凝土裂缝加以总结.     

大体积混凝土施工技术与质量控制——以乌江特大桥主墩承台施工为例

大体积混凝土施工质量直接决定着桥梁主墩承台的稳定性与外观质量。鉴于此,结合乌江特大桥主墩承台施工实例,对大体积混凝土施工技术要点与质量控制对策展开探讨,期望为桥梁大体积混凝土施工提供参考。     

心圩江桥结构耐久性分析

文章以南宁市心圩江桥为研究对象,对该桥外观、混凝土强度、混凝土保护层厚度、混凝土碳化深度及钢筋锈蚀电位进行了检测,并基于检测数据及桥梁所在地的大气环境参数,利用混凝土碳化模型预测分析了桥梁主要受力构件的剩余碳化寿命。     

影响清水混凝土质量的因素分析及改进对策

文章列举了清水混凝土外观质量的常见病害,分析了影响混凝土质量的因素,提出了改进和提高清水混凝土外观质量的措施及对策。     

影响混凝土外观质量的因素分析

结合214国道改建工程,阐述影响混凝土外观质量的因素,及提高混凝土外观质量的措施。     

某湖底隧道中等强度等级清水混凝土研究

针对某湖底隧道敞开段C30清水混凝土的配合比设计,采用图像处理技术定量评价清水混凝土的外观质量,研究分析了砂率、胶凝材料用量、矿物掺合料等配合比参数对混凝土外观质量的影响,并根据试验结果确定了该隧道清水混凝土的基础配合比.研究结果表明,适当增加砂率、提高胶凝材料用量以及双掺矿物掺合料可以改善混凝土外观质量.     

混凝土外观质量常见问题分析及防治措施

文章介绍了混凝土外观质量的常见问题,分析了混凝土外观质量问题形成的原因,并从混凝土配合比、搅拌、浇筑等方面,提出了相应的防控措施。     

桥梁施工中混凝土施工质量控制探讨

混凝土施工作为桥梁施工的重点,其施工质量的好坏以及施工工艺的完善程度是保证桥梁设施安全运行的重中之重。从桥梁施工中混凝土施工质量控制的各个环节入手,简单阐述了混凝土在施工中应注意的主要问题,从而为保证桥梁施工质量提供参考与借鉴。     

Real-world gaseous and particle emissions of a Bi-fuel gasoline/CNG Euro 6 passenger car

The objective of the present study is the assessment of the environmental impact of a bivalent (bi-fuel) vehicle, running either on gasoline or compressed natural gas (CNG). To that aim, a Euro 6 passenger car was tested under various real-world driving conditions. In order to cover the full range of conventional powertrains currently in the market, the tests were also repeated on a Euro 6 diesel passenger car. Both cars were driven in two routes, the first complying with the regulation limits and the second going beyond them. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particle number (PN) emissions were recorded using a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). Apart from the aggregated emission levels, in g/km, the exact emission location along the route was also assessed. Natural gas proved beneficial for CO and PN emissions, the level of which always remained below the respective legislation limits. On the other hand, under the dynamic driving conditions with gasoline, the relevant limits were exceeded. Cold start, occurring at the beginning of the urban part, and motorway driving were identified as major contributors to total emissions, especially in gasoline mode. However, the application of natural gas was associated with a penalty in NO_x emissions, which were significantly increased as compared to gasoline. Local peaks within the urban part were identified in CNG mode. In any case, the diesel vehicle was by far the highest NO_x emitter.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Multi-scale perimeter control approach in a connected-vehicle environment

This paper proposes a novel approach to integrate optimal control of perimeter intersections (i.e. to minimize local delay) into the perimeter control scheme (i.e. to optimize traffic performance at the network level). This is a complex control problem rarely explored in the literature. In particular, modeling the interaction between the network level control and the local level control has not been fully considered. Utilizing the Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) as the traffic performance indicator, we formulate a dynamic system model, and design a Model Predictive Control (MPC) based controller coupling two competing control objectives and optimizing the performance at the local and the network level as a whole. To solve this highly non-linear optimization problem, we employ an approximation framework, enabling the optimal solution of this large-scale problem to be feasible and efficient. Numerical analysis shows that by applying the proposed controller, the protected network can operate around the desired state as expressed by the MFD, while the total delay at the perimeter is minimized as well. Moreover, the paper sheds light on the robustness of the proposed controller. This multi-scale hybrid controller is further extended to a stochastic MPC scheme, where connected vehicles (CV) serve as the only data source. Hence, low penetration rates of CVs lead to strong noises in the controller. This is a first attempt to develop a network-level traffic control methodology by using the emerging CV technology. We consider the stochasticity in traffic state estimation and the shape of the MFD. Simulation analysis demonstrates the robustness of the proposed stochastic controller, showing that efficient controllers can indeed be designed with this newly-spread vehicle technology even in the absence of other data collection schemes (e.g. loop detectors).     

A new approach for modeling of Fundamental Diagrams

According to the intra-vehicle interaction, a traffic flow can generally be divided into three homogeneous states (1) that of free driving, (2) that of bunched driving, and (3) that of standing. The parameter describing the state of free driving is the desired speed, for the state of bunching it is the intra-vehicle gaps (time headway) within the convoy and the mean speed of the convoy, and for the state of standing it is the maximum jam density. These are the most essential parameters which do not depend on the actual traffic situation.This paper introduces a new model which considers the Fundamental Diagram (equilibrium speed–flow–density relationship) as a function of the homogeneous states. All traffic situations in reality can be considered as combinations of the homogeneous states and therefore can be described by the essential parameters mentioned above. The non-congested (fluid) traffic is a combination (superposition) of the states of free driving and bunched driving, the congested (jam, stop, and go) traffic is a combination of the states of bunched driving (go) and standing (stop). The contribution of the traffic states within the differently congested traffic situations can then be easily obtained from the queuing and probability theory. As a result, Fundamental Diagram in all equilibrium traffic situations is derived as simple functions of the essential parameters.According to the new model the capacity of freeways and rural highways can be determined by measuring the essential parameters. This is much easier than measuring the capacity directly.Furthermore, the probabilities of the various traffic states can be obtained from the new model. This leads to new possibilities in real-time controlling and telematics.The new model is verified by comprehensive measurements carried out on freeways and rural highways in Germany.     

Increasing urban tram system efficiency,with battery storage and electric vehicle charging

This paper examines the possible placement of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) on an urban tram system for the purpose of exploring potential increases in operating efficiency through the examination of different locations for battery energy storage. Further, the paper suggests the utilisation of Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries at existing Park and Ride (P&R) sites as a means of achieving additional energy storage at these locations. The study achieves this through MATLAB modelling utilising captured GPS data and publically available information. This study examines the scenario of uni-directional substations with no interconnection between the overhead catenary for both directions of travel, and discusses the trade-offs between ESS size and required current limits.The results show the savings in both energy and basic CO₂ emissions alongside the discussion of Return on Investment (RoI) that can be achieved through the potential installation of ESS at identified ideal locations along the tram network. Moreover, this may be extended to the use of EVs as stationary ESS sited at the existing P&R facilities. Further, the model may also be used to inform future infrastructure upgrades and potential improvements to air quality within urban environments.     

Competition policy and the liberalisation of European aviation

The European aviation industry is undergoing a process of liberalisation. One of the important lessons of American deregulation was that the industry is not perfectly contestable. One implication of this is that actual competition on a route is important in order to be able to secure the benefits of deregulation or liberalisation. Another is that effective competition policy is important in order to prevent anti-competitive mergers or predatory behaviour. This paper reviews the merger investigations in European aviation which have accompanied the search by carriers to secure the benefits of market power, and considers the extent of route competition within the European Community and its relationship to the different route licensing policies of different national governments. The paper considers the extent of present competition on the busiest routes, and stresses the importance of cabotage rights in opening up the European market to effective competition.     

输油站场清管系统应力分析

清管是输油管道重要的常规作业之一,是保证管线长期按照设计输量运行的重要保障。目前,对输油站场的清管系统在运行工况下的应力分析较少,特别是没有考虑由于清管器本身对管道所造成的冲击对管道应力分布的影响,所以有必要对输油站场清管工况下的管道进行应力分析。文中采用CAESAR Ⅱ软件对某输油站清管工况下管道系统进行应力分析,建立了清管器受力模型,通过编制VB程序计算了清管器的冲击产生的集中应力大小,并以假设清管器产生的冲击力最大的情况下得出整个管道的一、二次应力分布,找出了一、二次应力分布的关键点,并进行了校核,满足管道的强度要求,所用方法有利于更好地保证清管作业安全。     

GMAW自动焊在工厂管道预制生产中的应用

文中介绍了GMAW自动焊在工厂管道预制中的应用,比较了与其他焊接方法的优缺点。阐述了GMAW自动焊所需要的设备、工艺要求。详细介绍了保护气体、熔滴过渡形式、焊接住置对焊接的影响。以2种常用材料SAl06Gr．B和304L为例,对坡口准备,所用焊材、电流、电压、保护气做了详细的说明,同时指出在工厂GMAW自动焊接工程中应注意的问题。对采用该种工艺的焊缝进行力学性能试验,各项指标均符合标准要求,完全满足实际生产的需要。     

A bi-level model for single-line rail timetable design with consideration of demand and capacity

This paper proposes a bi-level model to solve the timetable design problem for an urban rail line. The upper level model aims at determining the headways between trains to minimize total passenger cost, which includes not only the usual perceived travel time cost, but also penalties during travel. With the headways given by the upper level model, passengers’ arrival times at their origin stops are determined by the lower level model, in which the cost-minimizing behavior of each passenger is taken into account. To make the model more realistic, explicit capacity constraints of individual trains are considered. With these constraints, passengers cannot board a full train, but wait in queues for the next coming train. A two-stage genetic algorithm incorporating the method of successive averages is introduced to solve the bi-level model. Two hypothetical examples and a real world case are employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed bi-level model and algorithm. Results show that the bi-level model performs well in reducing total passenger cost, especially in reducing waiting time cost and penalties. And the section loading-rates of trains in the optimized timetable are more balanced than the even-headway timetable. The sensitivity analyses show that passenger’s desired arrival time interval at destination and crowding penalty factor have a high influence on the optimal solution. And with the dispersing of passengers' desired arrival time intervals or the increase of crowding penalty factor, the section loading-rates of trains become more balanced.