Development of a semi-empirical friction model in automotive driveshaft joints

High speed and sport utility vehicles with large joint articulation angle demand lower friction in automotive driveshaft joints to meet noise and vibration comfort levels. Thus a more thorough understanding of internal friction characteristics and mechanisms is required. In this paper, a friction model in automotive driveshaft joints was developed through the use of test data from an instrumented Constant Velocity (CV) joint friction apparatus with actual driveshaft assemblies. Experiments were conducted under different realistic operating conditions of oscillatory speeds, CV joint articulation angles, lubrication, and torque. The experimental data was used to develop a physics-based semi-empirical CV joint internal friction model as a function of different CV joint operating parameters. It was found that the proposed friction model captures the experimental results well. Also the friction model estimates the generated axial force (GAF) in tripod CV joints well, which is the main source of force that causes vehicle vibration problems.     

高速公路中央分隔带护栏立柱稳定性分析及加固方案研究

现行中国高速公路安全规范对护栏立柱地基土的压实度没有给出明确的规定,致使中央分隔带内护栏立柱的承载力因为种植土和回填土的存在得不到充分地发挥。为此,对护栏立柱进行了一系列准静态横向加载试验,发现表征立柱横向承载力的临界载荷与表征地基土强度的静力触探锥尖极限阻力之间有近似的线性关系。并基于这一关系,提出了一种对应临界载荷的简化土反力分布模型。最后根据该模型及现场立柱的埋置状况,提出了一种用钢板加固护栏立柱的有效方法。     

节段预制纤维增强混凝土压杆键齿受力性能试验研究

节段预制桥梁靠近支座处箱梁腹板由于受力复杂,而在键齿处容易发生开裂.为此,以接缝处键齿配筋方式(素齿、构造筋以及体内穿筋)、键齿齿目(单键齿、双键齿)和干接缝角度(30°、45°以及60°)作为试验的设计参数,对8对使用2％配纤率的强度为100.1 MPa纤维增强混凝土干接缝匹配的压杆试件进行试验研究,记录试件的开裂荷...     

装配式隧道圆形和方形钢榫接头抗弯性能大尺寸试验

接头是装配式隧道建设和运营阶段最为薄弱和关键的部位,其设计及力学性能评估是一项必要的研究工作。为评估圆形和方形钢榫接头的抗弯性能,开展了大尺寸接头抗弯试验,研究了接头在荷载作用下的竖向挠度、接缝张开量及应变变化规律,探讨了其接头旋转角、延性、断裂韧性及破坏模式。研究结果表明:圆形钢榫接头的承载能力弱于方形钢榫接头,极限荷载及其对应的挠度分别比方形钢榫接头小77.71 kN和6.797 mm;同一荷载水平下,方形钢榫接头的张开量和旋转角更小,其抗变形能力强于圆形钢榫接头;2种钢榫接头的混凝土和钢筋应变响应规律在整体上相似,但方形钢榫接头的最大压应变仅为圆形钢榫接头的15%;圆形钢榫接头表现出渐进失效行为,其挠度延性指数和旋转延性指数分别是方形钢榫接头的2.28倍和1.98倍,且最终旋转角和单位荷载下旋转角增量均小于方形钢榫接头;2种钢榫接头受压弯曲时,圆形钢柱将荷载传递至接头底部,使混凝土受拉区破坏过大,主要表现出拉弯破坏模式,而方形钢柱联合更多承压区混凝土受荷,使承压区混凝土破损面积为圆形钢榫接头的3倍左右,主要表现出压弯破坏模式。研究结果可为装配式矩形隧道的接头设计提供参考。     

球笼式万向节钟形壳内滚道磨削加工参数计算

夏利轿车前驱动采用四点接触式球笼万向节，其优点是对加工及安装误差不敏感，但是四点接触式球笼万向节钟形壳内滚道磨削加工工艺比较复杂，实际生产中的一般采用单圆弧代替这在一定程度上影响了球笼式万向节的性能。本文应用共轭曲面理论，导出了球笼式万向节钟形壳内滚道磨削加工的计算公式并编制了相应计算程序。     

大吨位徐变仪球铰非线性接触分析

因研究桥用高强度混凝土材料徐变性能的需要,自主研制了大吨位徐变仪。对于处于接触受力状态的徐变仪球铰区域,先用Hertz接触理论估算球铰区域尺寸范围,然后利用ANSYS通用有限元软件对该区域分别取2种垫板凹槽球径的模型进行接触分析,通过对比球铰区域的最大接触压力、mises应力、第3主应力来进一步确定垫板凹槽的合理球径。用该徐变仪对2座大桥成功进行了高强度混凝土徐变试验,并实际验证了试验荷载下徐变仪球铰区域的受力性能,以及有限元接触分析结果的正确性。     

Performance analysis of a CVT clutch system for a hybrid electric vehicle

In this study, the performance of a CVT clutch system for a hybrid electric vehicle was investigated. To analyzed the vehicle performance at restart, the restart delay and driveshaft torque was investigated by simulations and experiments. It was found from the simulation results that the vehicle restart response depends on the clutch pressure buildup time to the point where the clutch torque begins to overcome the vehicle road load, and driving comfort at restart is directly related to the rate change of the clutch pressure.     

高铁大跨度混合梁斜拉桥钢-混结合段受力特性分析

为研究高速铁路大跨度混合梁斜拉桥钢-混结合段受力与传力特性,以主跨672 m的安九铁路鳊鱼洲长江大桥为背景,采用ANSYS软件建立主梁钢-混结合段有限元模型,分析其在最不利工况下的受力特点及变形特性,以及钢-混结合段长度对其受力性能的影响规律.结果表明:在最不利负弯矩工况作用下,边箱顶板与承压板焊接处存在应力集中及一定...     

Influence of the accelerating operation mechanism on the combustion noise in DI-diesel engines

This paper focuses on the mechanisms of combustion noise during the accelerating operation of multi-cylinder diesel engines using testing technology for the transient conditions of IC engines. Based on impact factors, such as the gas dynamic load and cylinder pressure oscillations, tests and analysis of the combustion noise during transient and steady-state conditions for different loads are made on four-cylinder naturally aspirated engines, turbocharged engines, EGR-introduced engines, and high pressure common rail engines. The laws of combustion noise difference for the same engine speed and load are researched during transient and steady-state conditions. It is found that during transient conditions, the maximum pressure rise rate and the high frequency oscillation amplitude of the cylinder pressure are all higher than those observed during steadystate conditions for the same engine speed and load. With their joint action, the combustion noise during transient conditions is greater than that during steady-state conditions. Turbocharging is useful in reducing the combustion noise during transient conditions. Turbocharging has a better effect on the control over the combustion noise during transient conditions with a constant engine speed and an increasing torque than in conditions with a constant torque and an increasing engine speed. One of the main reasons for different control effects on the combustion noise is that turbocharging causes different wall temperatures inside combustion chambers. The introduction of the appropriate EGR is helpful in the reduction of the combustion noise during transient conditions. The key to the control of combustion noise with EGR during transient conditions is whether a real-time adjustment to the EGR rate can be made to achieve the optimization of the EGR rates for different transient conditions. By means of analyzing the differences in the combustion noise between the transient and steady-state conditions for different pilot injection controls, we obtain a strategy for controlling the combustion noise during transient conditions with a pilot injection. Compared with the steady-state conditions, a larger pilot injection quantity and a longer interval between the main injection and pilot injection should be selected for transient conditions, and this is verified through tests.     

基于导波技术的高速公路护栏立柱埋深检测

为了研究导波在半埋地护栏立柱结构中的传播特性,并从中选择适合检测立柱长度的导波模态和频率,在弹性动力学理论基础上,分别对立柱未埋地部分和埋地部分的导波群速度、衰减和频散进行计算分析。结果表明:80~130 kHz的纵向模态L(0,2)在未埋地部分和埋地部分中的群速度相同,衰减程度最小,传播距离可以满足检测要求,可以用来对半埋地立柱埋深进行检测;试验验证结果和理论分析相吻合,所获得的端面回波信号清晰,有较高的信噪比,测量的最大相对误差小于0.8%,可以满足工程实际要求。     

装配式预应力桥墩地震损伤评估及影响参数分析

为明确装配式预应力桥墩的地震损伤性能,首先根据拟静力试验结果,对比分析装配式、整体式预应力桥墩以及钢筋混凝土桥墩在水平往复荷载作用下的损伤演化情况和破坏状态,然后应用6种混凝土损伤模型对桥墩试件进行损伤评估,分析各损伤模型的可靠性和适用性,最后基于OpenSees数值模拟,对恒载轴压比、纵筋配筋率、体积配箍率、耗能钢筋配筋率以及预应力筋配筋率等影响预应力桥墩损伤性能的参数进行分析。研究结果表明：在相同墩顶偏移比下,整体式预应力桥墩较钢筋混凝土桥墩的损伤更为严重,原因是承载力增大所致;而装配式预应力桥墩比整体式预应力桥墩损伤小是由于接缝张合导致耗能能力降低与接缝处耗能钢筋设置无黏结段造成的;与其他5种损伤模型相比,王东升修正的Park-Ang损伤模型对桥墩试件的损伤评估效果最符合实际情况,且离散性较小;塑性铰区域的体积配箍率是影响桥墩损伤性能的主要因素,且桥墩的损伤随着体积配箍率的增大而减小。     

网联环境下高速公路辅助驾驶车辆编队评估

为评估智能网联环境下高速公路辅助驾驶车辆编队的效果，首先基于V2X （Vehicle to Everything）和智能驾驶人模型（Intelligent Driver Model，IDM）对网联环境下的车辆跟驰行为进行建模，并对其进行参数校准；其次从安全性评价指标和通行效率两方面构建编队效果评价体系；然后通过VISSIM和VBA联合仿真，改变编队的车道、交通流量、网联车渗透率等变量进行试验。仿真结果表明，网联环境下车辆辅助驾驶编队在不同层面对于安全性与效率性都有提升；最后以不同期望速度在网联环境和非网联环境下分别进行实车辅助驾驶编队试验，以验证评价指标体系以及仿真试验的有效性。其中，实车试验结果显示，期望速度为70 km·h^-1时，网联环境下的辅助驾驶编队通行效率比非网联环境提升56%，90 km·h^-1时提升37.2%，110 km·h^-1时提升39.8%。通过与仿真试验结果对比，表明网联环境下车辆辅助驾驶编队对交通流安全性有一定程度的提升。     

尺寸效应对节理化岩体硐室开挖稳定性的影响分析

为了研究不同开挖尺寸和围岩节理组倾角对隧道开挖变形稳定的影响,应用UDEC程序,通过一些假设,设定计算域内包含有水平垂直节理组(0°-90°)和倾斜节理组(45°-135°)2种计算情况,对硐室不同开挖尺寸下围岩的变形稳定情况进行数值模拟。结果表明:1)水平垂直节理组岩体中围岩变形随硐室开挖尺寸增大先缓慢增加,后呈指数形式急剧增加且失稳,围岩失稳表现为贯穿地表的拱部上方岩体整体塌落;2)倾斜节理组岩体中围岩变形随硐室开挖尺寸增大先缓慢增加,后急剧增大且失稳,围岩失稳表现为拱部围岩局部塌落;3)倾斜节理组岩体中硐室开挖后变形比相应水平垂直节理组的要大。     

基于弹性波法的高速公路护栏立柱埋深检测方法研究

应用弹性动力学知识,研究了不同频率下弹性波在未埋地与半埋地钢管立柱中的传播特性,提出了一种利用弹性波理论对钢管立柱埋深进行无损检测的方法,并进行了试验研究。由于钢管立柱规格、批次的差异,导致弹性波在钢管中的传播速度与理论值有所不同,故在有条件时,即有与所检测对象同规格、批次的未用立柱,可用实测的传播速度作为检测波速;无条件时则采用理论值。试验表明,使用本方法检测的立柱埋深最大绝对误差小于16mm、最大相对误差小于0.9%,完全满足工程检测要求,可用来对护栏立柱埋深进行检测。     

汽车用6K31铝合金直流缝焊试验研究

采用单相次级整流缝焊机对汽车用6K31铝合金进行了缝焊工艺试验，并对接头的组织和性能进行了分析讨论。试验结果表明，6K31铝合金缝焊接头的热影响区硬度最低，是接头的最薄弱环节；拉剪试件的起裂部位为韧性断口，裂纹的扩展区及最后断裂区为混合断口。     

Implementation and validation of a three degrees of freedom steering-system model in a full vehicle model

This paper describes the coupling between a three degrees of freedom steering-system model and a multi-body truck model. The steering-system model includes the king-pin geometry to provide the correct feedback torque from the road to the steering-system. The steering-system model is combined with a validated tractor semi-trailer model. An instrumented tractor semi-trailer has been tested on a proving ground and the steering-wheel torque, pitman-arm angle, king-pin angles and drag-link force have been measured during steady-state cornering, a step steer input and a sinusoidal steering input. It is shown that the steering-system model is able to accurately predict the steering-wheel torque for all tests and the vehicle model is accurate for vehicle motions up to a frequency where the lateral acceleration gain is minimum. Even though the vehicle response is not accurate above this frequency, the steering-wheel torque is still represented accurately.     

Experimental study of the characteristics of idle vibrations that result from axial forces and the spider positions of constant velocity joints

The vibrational characteristics of automotives during idling were studied experimentally by considering the axial forces of the drive shaft and the spider positions in a constant-velocity joint. The generated forces, such as PF (plunging force) and GAF (generated axial force) in the assembly of the drive-shaft module, were measured directly by an experimental apparatus. Measurements of the GAF and PF did not show the same trends as the joint angles. They depended instead on the types of CV joints. In addition, the relationship between the offset values of the shaft and the spider positions in the tulip of the constant-velocity joint were studied. As a result, the idle vibration characteristics were affected by the variation of the spider positions and the vibrational characteristics in the axial direction of the shaft, including the amplitude and the harmonic periods.     

某履带装甲车辆传动轴动态转矩数据采集及分析

由于现阶段缺少可信度较高的有效数据,对履带装甲车辆传动轴动态转矩数据采集及分析开展了研究。结合履带装甲车辆综合传动系统的技术特性,充分考虑到现有测试装置的特点,确定了关键部件和测点位置,为获得可信度相对较高的数据打下基础。为了能够给动态载荷谱编制提供可信度更高的数据,使用雨流滤波方法对综合传动系统载荷测试数据进行处理与分析后,再综合运用非参数估计、时域数据修正等方法对数据进行进一步的分析处理,得到可信度较高的载荷数据,最后从时域和频域方面对多工况动态转矩信号进行验证,确保了动态转矩测试的准确性,从而为后续的编谱工作提供了可信度高的有效数据。     

Physical-chemical properties of ethanol-diesel blend fuel and its effect on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged diesel engine

This paper deals with the main physical-chemical properties of ethanol-diesel blend and the effects of ethanoldiesel blends (up to 15% volume) on engine performance (full load torque vs. engine speed, BSEC vs. torque at 1400 r/min and 2300 r/min, and effect of start of injection angle) and emissions in ECE R49 tests (steady 13 points) using a 6.6 L inline 6-cylinder turbocharged direct injection diesel engine. The results show that an increase in ethanol fraction results in decreased viscosity of the blend fuel and very high distillation characteristics in the low temperature range. Solvents can improve the solubility of ethanol-diesel blends. The engine power was degraded proportional to the ethanol content (10% and 15%) due to the LHV (low heating value) of the blends. The higher latent heat of vaporization and lower CN (cetane number) of ethanol, which results from the steady state emissions of CO, HC, and SOF (soluble organic fraction), were much higher in the ECE R49 tests at low loads. Soot (solid mass) emissions were improved. The particulate matter emissions were significantly increased with higher blend volumes, and NOx emissions slightly increased with higher ethanol volumes. By increasing the injection angle properly, the performance parameters of the diesel engine were improved, but NOx emissions were deteriorated slightly.     

副车架与车身连接接头设计

从接头系统的角度,对副车架到车身的连接接头进行了设计计算,选择了固定点的数量和接头的类型.从接头外载计算入手,进行了紧固件的初选,并计算了接头预载损失、预载需求和紧固件的啮合长度.根据最大预载需求,得到了扭矩规范,并提出了根据试验结果,进行能力分析,以评价实际预载是否满足需求.最终试验结果表明：在扭矩下限时,剩余夹紧力满足可靠性设计要求;对接头的强度进行了理论计算和CAE分析,结果表明,理论计算在准确度和应用范围都有很大的局限性,CAE计算结果能更好地反映实际情况.