Hydrodynamic forces acting on a circular cylinder oscillating in waves and a small current

A complete theory to obtain semianalytical solutions of the wave drift damping for a circular cylinder freely oscillating in waves is developed. The wave drift damping can be significantly increased by heave and pitch motions. Effects of the draft of the cylinder and effects of the water depth are shown. The effective evaluation of the free-surface integral and the corner problem are also discussed, and the computed results of the far and near field formulations are compared. These semianalytical solutions may prove to be important in providing validation of results obtained by numerical techniques such as the higher-order boundary element method.     

Slow drift damping force acting on a horizontal cylinder

The hydrodynamic forces acting on a circular cylinder and a rectangular cylinder undergoing slow drift oscillation in regular waves were investigated experimentally and numerically. Forced oscillation tests with low frequency and large amplitude in regular waves and forced two-harmonic oscillation with combined low and high frequencies were carried out in the experimental study. In the numerical study a finite-difference method was used to simulate viscous flow around a two-dimensional oscillating cylinder. The results of experiments showed that a horizontal rectangular cylinder oscillating slowly in waves has much higher damping coefficients than one oscillating in two-harmonic mode, while the numerical study indicated that such differences in the damping coefficient arise partly from the different effects of one-direction harmonic flow and rotating flow on the vortex shedding caused by the slow drift oscillation.     

Higher-order boundary element method for the interaction of a floating body with both waves and slow current

A hybrid boundary element method is suggested to solve the problem of the interaction of floating structures with both waves and slow current. A pulsating source and its mirror image referring to the sea bottom are adopted as the Green's function. The velocity potentials are expanded into an eigenfunction expansion in the outer region of the fluid domain while higher order elements are used to discretize the boundary surface surrounding the inner region. The method is validated by comparing calculated results for a circular cylinder with the semi-analytical solutions. The method is then applied to ellipsoids of various breadth and draft to investigate the influence of body shape on the wave drift damping.     

钢圆筒沉放施工区域简易消浪措施

针对钢圆筒沉放过程中的技术难题,进行了施工区域临时消浪措施研究。基于不同消浪原理,提出了浮驳+刚性侧壁、浮驳+柔性侧壁、横向水袋筏和V形水袋组等4种浮式防波堤形式。通过水池物理模型试验,比对分析了各浮式防波堤的波浪透射系数,并分析波周期和夹角对消浪性能的影响。试验结果表明,夹角为60°的V形水袋组方案消浪性能最佳,可推荐为施工区域临时掩护措施。     

Prediction method of hydrodynamic forces acting on the hull of a blunt-body ship in the even keel condition

The mathematical modeling group (MMG) model is well known and is widely used in the field of ship maneuverability. However, the MMG model can be applied only after determination of the hydrodynamic coefficients either from comprehensive captive model tests or from general empirical data. Around the cruising speed, when a ship's drift angle is relatively small, several methods have been developed to predict hydrodynamic coefficients from the ship's principal particulars, e.g., Kijima's method. Kijima's method is efficient in predicting the ship's maneuverability at the initial design stage and is even able to assess the effect of changes in stern design. Similarly, for the low speed range when a ship's drift angle is relatively large, several methods for predicting the ship's hydrodynamic coefficients have been proposed, based on captive model tests, such as those by Kose, Kobayashi, and Yumuro. However, most of the methods developed for low speeds cannot be applied to general ship types without additional experiments being performed. In contrast, Karasuno's method uses theoretical and empirical approaches to predict the hydrodynamic forces, even for large drift motions. Although Karasuno's model utilizes the ship's principal particulars and is applicable to a general vessel, it has not been widely used. This is because the form of Karasuno's model is relatively complicated and its accuracy around the cruising speed is less than that for other methods that have been specifically developed for the cruising speed range. A practical method for predicting hydrodynamic forces for the entire operating speed range of blunt-body ships is proposed in this article. It is based on the MMG model and predicts hydrodynamic coefficients based on a ship's principal particulars. A regression model for the proposed method has also been proposed by analyzing 21 different blunt-body ships. Finally, simulations of a very large 4-m crude carrier (VLCC) model using the proposed method were carried out and the results compared with free-running experiments (both at the cruising speed and at low speeds) to validate the efficacy of the model.     

浅水中低速斜航船舶水动力预报及验证与确认分析

浅水中的斜航船舶受到浅水阻塞效应和不对称流的综合影响。为预报该运动中的船舶水动力,文章采用基于定常雷诺平均纳维—斯托克斯方程的计算流体动力学方法,对浅水中做斜航运动的船舶粘性绕流场进行数值模拟。考虑低航速运动的特点,忽略航速影响下的自由面兴波,由数值计算得到水动力系数在漂角影响下的变化规律。针对计算精度问题,在数值模拟中从验证和确认角度分析和评估计算结果：通过网格收敛性分析分析数值误差与不确定度;结合试验数据考察计算模型的误差。此外,从计算区域尺度、湍流模型、边界条件、船体下沉和纵倾作用方面对模型误差的影响因素进行探讨,可为改进计算模型、提高数值模拟精度提供参考依据。     

Nonlinear hydrodynamic responses of submerged moving payload in vicinity of a crane barge in waves

The wave interaction with a submerged cylindrical payload subjected to constrained motions in presence of a nearby floating crane barge is investigated in the three-dimensional numerical wave tank using a fully nonlinear potential flow model in the time domain. Numerical simulations are carried out to investigate the hydrodynamic features of this submerged payload under pendulum motion in water waves as well as while it moves towards the sea bed at a constant vertical velocity. It is known that the presence of multiple side by side floating bodies in waves can create significant drift motion. In the present study the similar drift motion is observed for the side by side floating barge and submerged payload and it appears that the submerged payload under constrained motions may face a very large mean drift motion of nearly seven times that of the incident wave amplitude in the beam sea upstream condition. Emphasis is also given towards investigating and understanding the influences of natural frequency of the payload and shielding effect due to the presence of the floating barge. It is found that natural frequency coupled with shielding effect generates remarkable low frequency components in payload responses both in the head sea and the beam sea situations. The effect of different cable lengths, wave maker frequencies and downward moving velocities on payload responses under several geometric setups are studied and compared, and interesting features such as increased low frequency movement of the payload near the natural frequency region and existence of considerable low frequency motions even at a greater depth (while the payload is quite below the free surface) are observed.     

浮式直立圆柱体辐射问题研究

采用特征函数展开及边界匹配的方法求解流场各子区域速度势的展开系数,得到了浮式直立圆柱体在静水面作纵荡,垂荡和纵摇运动时引起的水动力系数,分析了所取截断项数对计算结果的影响,所需最少截断项数取决于水深半径比和吃水半径比。讨论了水深对水动力系数的影响,得到了可近似表示深水情况的水深半径比。     

考虑涡泄模式的低质量比圆柱涡激运动数值模拟

本文与经典实验进行对比,对二维圆柱在不同来流速度下的涡激运动进行研究。将运动系统简化为质量(m)-弹簧(k)-阻尼(ζ)系统,分析浮式圆柱运动的控制方程并通过4阶Runge-Kutta法求解运动微分方程,借助UDF编程嵌入到Fluent求解器中进行求解,结合动网格技术实现流固耦合,对比Jauvtis和Williamson的经典实验以验证数值模拟的可靠性,再现了SS,2S,2T和2P的涡泄模式。虽得到了与Jauvtis和Williamson物理模型实验相近的一些典型结果,没有做更进一-步的研究,但通过实验数据与数值模拟的对比,能够区别研究相同质量比下其他不同参数对涡激运动特性的影响。对m^*=1的浮式圆柱与低质量比圆柱m^*-2.6进行涡激运动数值模拟研究对比,发现不同约化速度下对运动频率、涡泄模型等涡激运动特性均有不同程度的影响。     

Experimental investigations on hydrodynamic interactions between the cylinder and nets of a typical offshore aquacultural structure in steady current

A series of physical experiments were performed in steady current to investigate the hydrodynamic interactions between the cylinder and nets which constitute a main part of offshore aquacultural platforms. The hydrodynamic characteristics of only the cylinder, only nets and combined cylinder-net structures are measured and analyzed systematically under different current velocities, inflow angles and solidity ratios of nets. Based on experimental data, fitted formulas for hydrodynamic coefficients of a single resin net are proposed and compared to previously published empirical formulas. It is observed that the existence of the cylinder brings an increment up to 9.2% to drag coefficient of net panels whose solidity ratios are higher than 0.347, whereas this effect is negligible for nets with lower solidity ratios and perpendicular to the inflow. For nets inclined with 45°, the increment of the drag coefficient of net panels due to the existence of the cylinder is more significant (up to 22.9%) than that for perpendicularly placed nets. Furthermore, the existence of nets also leads to a noticeable increase in the drag coefficient of the cylinder, up to 40.18% for a relatively large net solidity ratio of 0.458, representative of biofouling condition. The increment increases with the rise of the solidity ratio of nets and it is larger for nets placed perpendicularly to the inflow than inclined. Effects of the cylinder and nets on lift coefficients of each other are a bit complicated, leading to an increase or reduction of lift coefficients depending on the inflow velocity, inflow angle and net solidity ratios. Finally, it is worth noting that the hydrodynamic interaction between the cylinder and nets deserves to be considered in current practice of hybrid methods by combining potential flow theory, Morison and screen models for aquacultural structures, especially for biofouling conditions.     

Mathematical simulation of steep waves at a focus point

Mathematical models simulating steep waves at a focus point are presented in this paper. Simulations of extreme waves in a model basin were used to determine the loads on floating structures induced by the waves. Based on a new wave theory, numerical test results show that the simulation procedure is effective and the induced motion of water particles in the front of waves is an important factor influencing impact loads on floating bodies.     

Quasisteady theory for the hydrodynamic forces on a circular cylinder undergoing vortex-induced vibration

Vortex-induced vibrations of a rigid circular cylinder were studied by constructing a theory based on a wake oscillator model under quasisteady approximations, thereby evaluating vortex-induced hydrodynamic forces acting on the cylinder. A lock-in limit line representing the boundary for the occurrence of frequency lock-in was also theoretically derived. Hydrodynamic forces in forced oscillation problems estimated by the theory were compared with measured ones. Although some discrepancies were found, particularly in cases with high-frequency oscillations, good agreement was achieved in most cases. Accordingly, we conclude that the present theory captures well real phenomena in the wake downstream of a cylinder subjected to a flow.     

Drift force on a bottom-mounted slightly porous vertical cylinder fixed in regular waves

 Explicit expressions are derived for the drift force that will act on a bottom-mounted, slightly porous vertical cylinder fixed in regular waves. The drift-force expressions derived both from the near-field and the far-field are shown. It is indicated, and numerically demonstrated, that the conventional far-field formula does not hold for a porous body, but needs the additional term of a near-field body-surface integration. Received: July 4, 2002 / Accepted: November 6, 2002 Acknowledgment. The author would like to acknowledge Prof. Kashiwagi, of Kyushu University, for indicating the work of Havelock relating to Eq. 20. Address correspondence to: H. Kagemoto (e-mail: kagemoto@k.u-tokyo.ac.jp)     

波浪中锚泊浮堤系统特性的理论研究

本文研究了在规则波作用下锚泊浮堤的运动响应、消波性能、横漂力引起的堤体横漂量以及此时链的受力情况。在理论计算过程中应用了Frank源汇分布法和Grim切片理论,并采用九尾的远场积分法计算二阶漂移力,采用Kim法计算无穷远处的反射波波幅,用传统的悬链线理论对锚泊系统作静力计算,还将矩形剖面防波堤的计算结果与日本井上义行的计算结果以及我国南京水利科学研究院有关矩形剖面防波堤的系列模型试验結果做了比较,计算结果和试验结果接近,吻合。本研究的目的在于用理论方法预测浮式防波堤的特性并优化防波堤的形状。     

振动半圆柱尾流中的二维摆动水翼推进性能研究

文章研究了粘性流场中半圆柱振动产生的旋涡对二维摆动水翼推进性能的影响。利用数值方法计算了振动半圆柱尾流中二维摆动水翼的水动力性能。计算结果表明,半圆柱涡和水翼涡之间存在4种相互作用模式。相反旋向的半圆柱涡和水翼涡相互作用时,摆动水翼的平均推力系数最大。相同旋向的半圆柱涡和水翼首缘涡相互作用并且最终融入到水翼尾缘涡时,摆动水翼能够从半圆柱涡中吸收能量。     

低长径比浮式圆柱涡激运动实验研究

为研究低长径比浮式圆柱涡激运动响应,对其进行了水槽模型实验研究。测试了三种长径比(L/D=2.5、2.0、1.5)圆柱在不同来流速度下的运动响应及顺流向、横流向动水压力,从响应幅值、涡泄频率、受力分析等多个角度出发,分析其涡激运动的关键特征。研究表明:涡激运动响应幅值随长径比的减小呈降低趋势,这种趋势在锁定阶段更加明显;涡激运动锁定区前后阶段,涡泄频率与固有频率比值随约化速度呈线性增加,锁定区前St≈0.18,锁定区后St数小于0.18,且随长径比的减小而减小。     

线性连续分层流体中水波与截断圆柱浮体的相互作用

研究了在线性连续分层流体中水波与截断圆柱浮体相互作用的问题.在Boussinesq近似下,基于分离变量法,表明了对给定的频率,当它大于浮力频率时,流场中只有一种模态的平面前进波,当它小于浮力频率时,流场中有无数多个模态的平面前进波.基于特征函数匹配理论,建立了作用在截断圆柱浮体上水动力的计算方法.对作用在截断圆柱浮体上的水平波浪力、垂向波浪力和力矩进行了数值计算分析,表明了在某个频率范围内,流体的线性连续分层效应对这些水动力量的影响是不可忽视的.特别地,在入射波频率小于浮力频率时,高阶模态入射波对截断圆柱浮体水动力的影响也是重要的,在海洋工程的实践中应予以特别关注.     

Surf-riding and oscillations of a ship in quartering waves

The behavior of a ship encountering large regular waves from astern at low frequency is the object of investigation, with a parallel study of surf-riding and periodic motion paterns. First, the theoretical analysis of surf-riding is extended from purely following to quartering seas. Steady-state continuation is used to identify all possible surf-riding states for one wavelength. Examination of stability indicates the existence of stable and unstable states and predicts a new type of oscillatory surf-riding. Global analysis is also applied to determine the areas of state space which lead to surf-riding for a given ship and wave conditions. In the case of overtaking waves, the large rudder-yaw-surge oscillations of the vessel are examined, showing the mechanism and conditions responsible for loss of controllability at certain vessel headings.List of symbols c wave celerity (m/s) - C(p) roll damping moment (Ntm) - g acceleration of gravity (m/s²) - GM metacentric height (m) - H wave height (m) - I _x ,I _z roll and yaw ship moments of inertia (kg m²) - k wave number (m^–1) - K _H ,K _W ,K _R hull reaction, wave, rudder, and propeller - K _p forces in the roll direction (Ntm) - m ship mass (kg) - n propeller rate of rotation (rpm) - N _H ,N _W ,N _R hull reaction, wave, rudder, and propeller - N _P moments in the yaw direction (Ntm) - p roll angular velocity (rad/s) - r rate-of-turn (rad/s) - R(,x) restoring moment (Ntm) - Res(u) ship resistance (Nt) - t time (s) - u surge velocity (m/s) - U vessel speed (m/s) - v sway velocity (m/s) - W ship weight (Nt) - x longitudinal position of the ship measured from the wave system (m) - x _G ,z _G longitudinal and vertical center of gravity (m) - x _S longitudinal position of a ship section (S), in the ship-fixed system (m) - X _H ,X _W ,X _R hull reaction, wave, rudder, and propeller - X _P forces in the surge direction (Nt) - y transverse position of the ship, measured from the wave system (m) - Y _H ,Y _W ,Y _R hull reaction, wave, rudder, and propeller - Y _p forces in the sway direction (Nt) - z _Y vertical position of the point of action of the lateral reaction force during turn (m) - z _W vertical position of the point of action of the lateral wave force (m) Greek symbols angle of drift (rad) - rudder angle (rad) - wavelength (m) - position of the ship in the earth-fixed system (m) - water density (kg/m³) - angle of heel (rad) - heading angle (rad) - _e frequency of encounter (rad/s) Hydrodynamic coefficients K roll added mass - N _v ,N _r yaw acceleration coefficients - N _v N _r N _rr N _rrv ,N _vvr yaw velocity coefficients K. Spyrou: Ship behavior in quartering waves - X _u surge acceleration coefficient - X _u X _vr surge velocity coefficients - Y _v ,Y _r sway acceleration coefficients - Y _v ,Y _r ,Y _vv ,Y _rr ,Y _vr sway velocity coefficients European Union-nominated Fellow of the Science and Technology Agency of Japan, Visiting Researcher, National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering of Japan     

近水面潜艇波浪力计算研究评述

对潜艇波浪力计算的研究现状进行了小结。分析了近水面潜艇波浪力计算的几种有代表性的研究方法,如切片法、STF理论、源汇分布法、面元法、Frank源分布紧密拟合法及其组合方法等的具体应用。讨论了目前潜艇波浪力研究中存在的一些问题,尤其是二阶波浪力的非线性特性、潜艇运动扰动及其相互耦合的影响还不清楚,已建立的理论和方法尚不能满足工程实际的需要。最后提出了近水面航行潜艇所受波浪力计算中有待深入研究的重点问题。