基于PC-Crash的轿车-行人高速碰撞仿真模型

利用PC-Crash模拟高速条件下轿车与行人后部的碰撞过程,试验假人选择PC-Crash标准成年假人模型,碰撞后汽车驾驶员未采取紧急制动措施,仍然按照碰撞时刻的车速行驶,试验车速区间选择75~155 km/h。研究了不同碰撞车速下行人的第一落地点和最终静止点抛距变化规律,分析了行人头部在事故中所受到的碰撞接触力的变化规律,在此基础上建立汽车行人高速碰撞模型并进行对比验证。     

Discomfort of vertical whole-body shock-type vibration in the frequency range of 0.5 to 16 Hz

Shock-type vibrations are frequently experienced in vehicles excited by impulsive input, such as bumps in the road, and cause discomfort. Current national and international standard weightings were primarily developed for assessing exposure to sinusoidal or random vibrations and not impulsive excitations or shocks. In this experimental study, various shock signals were systematically produced using the response of a one degree-of-freedom vibration model to hanning-windowed half-sine force input. The fundamental frequency of the shock was varied from 0.5 to 16 Hz at a step of 1/3 of an octave. The magnitude estimation method was used for fifteen subjects to compare the discomfort of shocks with various unweighted vibration dose values between 0.35 ms^−1.75 and 2.89 ms^−1.75 at each frequency. The equivalent comfort magnitude of shock showed greater sensitivity at frequencies less than 0.63 Hz and at the resonance frequency of the human body between 5.0 Hz and 6.3 Hz. The frequency weighting constructed by using both the equivalent comfort magnitude and the growth rate of discomfort obtained in this study was compared with the current standard weightings, W_b of BS 6841 and W_k of ISO 2631. The derived weightings for shock were applied to the acceleration of the shocks, and an enhanced correlation was proved between the magnitude estimations and the weighted physical magnitude of shock.     

Optimization of Vehicles Elasto-Damping Elements Characteristics from the Aspect of Ride Comfort

SUMMARY

Spatial random vibrations of a vehicle that arise during driving represent an important factor in functioning of a dynamic system: Driver - Vehicle - Environment. They carry certain information for driver and also cause fatigue of driver and passenger.

This is the reason why the tendency is towards the minimization of vibratory loads, what in practice can be achieved by optimization of characteristics of elasto - damping elements of a vehicle.

In this paper for optimization of elasto - damping elements of a vehicle we used a complex nonlinear model of a driver and a vehicle during the straight - line motion of the vehicle on a rough road. Optimization was performed by application of the Hooke - Jeeves method and by use of outside penalty functions as well as the objective function that enabled simultaneous optimization of vertical vibrations of the driver's seat, vibrations of the steering wheel, and normal reactions in the contact surface of the tyre and road. The optimization was performed with application of the computer HP 9000/800 SE on the example of a medium passenger car.     

Evaluating the effectiveness of a smartphone speed limit advisory application: An on-road study in Port-Harcourt,Nigeria

The development of mobile phone applications that provide speed limit advice and warnings offers opportunities for use of the technology in the improvement of driver safety. This paper looks at the effect of an advisory Intelligent Speed Assistance (ISA) application on driver speeding behaviour. Twenty participants (all males within the age range of 35–60 years) completed a within-group experimental design. Participants drove in real traffic on a 46 km test route which incorporated three-speed limits zones (50 km/h, 60 km/h, and 80 km/h speed limits) and aggregated into 10 different segments. Compared with baseline levels, possible impacts of ISA system functionalities on driver behaviour were studied through appropriate metrics including cumulative speed distribution, mean speed, speed deviation, 85th percentile speed, percentage distanced travelled above the speed limit, and safety benefit estimation. Results indicated the use of the ISA application led to significant improvement in speed limit compliance particularly in the 60 km/h and 80 km/h zones where speeding was eliminated. There were no observed negative effects on driver speeding behaviour from the use of the system. In general, the findings suggest the use of the ISA system, resulted in the adoption of vehicle speeds that are likely to improve road safety.     

驾驶风格对驾驶行为的影响

为了揭示驾驶风格对驾驶行为的影响规律,进而提取表征驾驶风格的特征参数,对不同风格驾驶人在感知层和操作层的驾驶行为数据进行了量化分析。首先,基于驾驶行为问卷对18名中国非职业驾驶人进行了驾驶风格问卷调查,并采用主成分分析、K-均值聚类等方法将被试驾驶人分为谨慎型、正常型和激进型3种类型。接着,被试驾驶人在搭载了SmartEye眼动仪的驾驶模拟器上开展了高速公路行车环境下的驾驶试验,同步采集了感知层的视觉特性参数和操作层的驾驶绩效参数,并采用判断抽样的方式将驾驶样本按照驾驶风格和驾驶模式（换道意图和车道保持）进行了划分,共选取了810组有效样本。最后,采用方差分析法分析了不同风格驾驶人在不同驾驶模式下的注视行为、扫视行为、横向控制特性、纵向控制特性方面相关参数的差异显著性,并提取了不同风格间存在显著差异的参数作为表征驾驶风格的特征参数。研究结果表明：驾驶风格越激进,驾驶人对周围环境关注越少,对车辆的横向控制稳定性越差,急加速和急减速行为发生的频次越高;不同风格驾驶人在意图时窗内对后视镜的注视次数（p=0.002）、方向盘转角熵值（p=0.04）、加速踏板开度（p=0.01）、制动踏板开度（p=0.02）这4个参数的差异均较为显著,因此可作为表征驾驶风格的特征参数。     

Automotive steering system preferences evaluated using a driving simulator

The automotive steering system is the primary channel through which road and vehicle behavior feedback is transmitted to the driver. While the driver provides directional platform control through the steering wheel, perceptions of the vehicle’s handling responsiveness are simultaneously transmitted back to the driver allowing for correction of any instabilities the vehicle may encounter. Based on these factors, drivers often pay special attention to the steering system when deciding what vehicle to purchase. Therefore, a significant amount of effort and time is invested in attempting to determine the optimal design of steering system components and configurations. In this study, the determination of an optimal steering configuration was attempted based on responses obtained from questionnaires that subjects answered. The questions were designed to evaluate the degree of satisfaction regarding the “control”, “ease of operation”, and “fun” participants experienced after each driving run. During the study, human subjects drove a driving simulator for 15 combinations of 3 different roadway environments and 5 different steering configurations, filling out a questionnaire after each scenario. The subjects were also classified as a type of driver (“utility”, “enthusiast”, and/or “performance”). The study attempted to determine if the mean values of questionnaire responses for “control”, “ease”, and “fun” type of questions changed as the scenario and/or driver type changed. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if the mean values of the three types of questions were statistically different. The overall results suggest that the average responses for vehicle “control”, “ease”, and the “fun” type of questions were dependent on the type of roadway environment; however, only the responses for “fun” type of questions were influenced by the given steering configurations. Indeed, the steering system can impact the driver’s perceptions of the vehicle’s operational experience.     

Analysis of a special purpose vehicle’s behaviour after an edge drop-off onto a soft shoulder

The article concerns the dynamics of a four-axle 20 ton special purpose vehicle in the driver’s panicky defensive manoeuvre resulting from edge drop-off of wheels onto a soft shoulder. A calculation model in the PC-Crash software environment has been developed to include the complex mechanism of the soft soil response to the wheel movement. The analysis of the results indicates the danger manifested by strong wheels vibrations, instantaneous change of vehicle steerability characteristics and a high rate of increase of the yaw angle and vehicle pitch during braking with steered wheels turned. The calculations indicate an extremely adverse effect of the phase of vehicle oversteer which in the analysed motion of the vehicle lasts over 1.5 s. The calculations prove that in such a short time the driver has very little chance of any practical response to the non-typical behaviour of the vehicle which otherwise is, in general, understeered.     

Haptic steering support for driving near the vehicle’s handling limits; skid-pad case

Current vehicle dynamic control systems from simple yaw control to high-end active steering support systems are designed to primarily actuate on the vehicle itself, rather than stimulate the driver to adapt his/her inputs for better vehicle control. The driver though dictates the vehicle’s motion, and centralizing him/her in the control loop is hypothesized to promote safety and driving pleasure. Exploring the above statement, the goal of this study is to develop and evaluate a haptic steering support when driving near the vehicle’s handling limits (Haptic Support Near the Limits; HSNL). The support aims to promote the driver’s perception of the vehicle’s behaviour and handling capacity (the vehicle’s internal model) by providing haptic (torque) cues on the steering wheel. The HSNL has been evaluated in (a) driving simulator tests and (b) tests with a vehicle (Opel Astra G/B) equipped with a variable steering feedback torque system. Drivers attempted to achieve maximum velocity while trying to retain control in a circular skid-pad. In the simulator (a) 25 subjects drove a vehicle model parameterised as the Astra on a dry skid-pad while in (b) 17 subjects drove the real Astra on a wet skid-pad. Both the driving simulator and the real vehicle tests led to the conclusion that the HSNL assisted subjects to drive closer to the designated path while achieving effectively the same speed. With the HSNL the drivers operated the tires in smaller slip angles and hence avoided saturation of the front wheels’ lateral forces and excessive understeer. Finally, the HSNL reduced their mental and physical demand.     

基于人体损伤的低速气囊标定研究

文章应用整车碰撞有限元模型与THUMS人体模型,对该车低速碰进行了气囊匹配分析,分析了该车在25kmph、28kmph、30kmph、32kmph的低速碰撞情况的人体伤害情况,得出了该车在30kmph时,且气囊在35ms起爆时,人体伤害最小的结论。     

智能车辆主动避撞与稳定性联合控制仿真

为改善车辆在主动避撞过程中的车辆动力学特性,在MATLAB/Simulink环境下结合驾驶员模型分别设计了基于模糊控制理论的主动避撞控制处理器、制动稳定性控制器和转向稳定性控制器,从而能够在车辆主动避撞过程中综合考虑避撞和稳定性两个目标.并在ADAMS中建立了整车模型,联合MATLAB进行了仿真研究,仿真结果证明,在相...     

汽车侧面碰撞假人应用分析

汽车侧面碰撞假人是汽车侧面碰撞试验中一项重要的测试工具。它模仿人的外形和内部结构,用于研究汽车侧面碰撞对车内驾乘人员的损伤情况。文章对汽车侧面碰撞用假人进行了介绍,通过对不同时期的侧面碰撞用假人的生物性能分析,指出目前在我国进行的侧面碰撞强制性试验中,所使用的侧面碰撞用假人的特点及其存在的缺陷,通过对世界目前应用中的不同类型的侧面碰撞假人的比较分析,提出适合中国情况的侧面碰撞试验用假人。     

高顶驾驶室顶部强度试验仿真分析及验证

为验证某款高顶驾驶室顶部强度和生存空间是否满足相关法规要求,对其建立了有限元模型和假人模型,进行了驾驶室顶部强度的试验仿真,获得了驾驶室变形情况和驾驶员生存空间变化情况。仿真结果和实车试验结果对比分析表明,两者吻合良好,且该高顶驾驶室能够满足GB 26512-2011顶部强度试验要求并能够保证驾驶员的生存空间要求。     

Detection of Cognitive and Visual Distraction Using Radial Basis Probabilistic Neural Networks

This paper suggests a real-time method for detecting a driver’s cognitive and visual distraction using lateral driving performance measures. The algorithm adopts radial basis probabilistic neural networks (RBPNNs) to construct classification models. In this study, combinations of two driving performance data measures, including the standard deviation of lane position (SDLP) and steering wheel reversal rate (SRR), were considered as measures of distraction. Data for training and testing the RBPNN models were collected under simulated conditions in which fifteen participants drove on a highway. While driving, they were asked to complete auditory recall tasks or arrow search tasks to create cognitively or visually distracted driving periods. As a result, the best performing model could detect distraction with an average accuracy of 78.0 %, which is a relatively high accuracy in the human factors domain. The results demonstrated that the RBPNN model using SDLP and SRR could be an effective distraction detector with easy-to-obtain and inexpensive inputs.     

程序控制的分动箱高低档切换方法研究

传统的分动箱高低档切换是靠驾驶员主观经验进行,势必造成分动箱在切换过程中的损坏。本文介绍一种以车辆控制器为核心,车辆行驶数据为判断依据,由车辆控制器进行逻辑运算,控制低档电磁阀使分动箱在安全的条件下完成高低档切换的方法。     

一种驾驶员是否真正佩戴安全带自动取证系统

针对目前驾驶员是否系安全带的检测及报警装置仅仅只在本车内起报警作用,以及驾驶员虚佩戴安全带等问题,提出一种驾驶员是否真正佩戴安全带自动取证系统。该自动取证系统通过mRF2401单芯片无线发射模块采集车辆自身安全带报警装置中驾驶员安全带佩戴信息和车辆车牌号信息,并将此信息发射出去,无线接收装置nRF2401固定安装在铺设有交通专用网络的路段,并通过串口设备联网服务器将接收到的信息上传至交通专用网络,通过上位机,从而记录下未系安全带的驾驶员所在车辆车牌号信息。     

不同类型偏置碰撞的驾驶员腿部伤害对比研究

为了探讨不同类型偏置碰撞下驾驶员腿部伤害的差异性,本文在对C-NCAP40%偏置碰撞及IIHS 25%小偏置碰撞两种不同类型偏置碰撞试验的试验工况、假人腿部评价指标进行介绍的基础上,对某乘用车车型在上述两种试验下驾驶员的腿部伤害指标进行了对比研究,并从碰撞力的传递路径对其结果进行了分析。结果表明:由于碰撞中车身与壁障重叠率的不同导致不同的碰撞力传递路径,最终导致车身变形的差异。其中,25%小偏置碰撞对车身的破坏程度极大,试验后驾驶员侧的A柱严重变形,车身结构大量侵入到车内生存空间,故其假人腿部伤害值大于另外两种正面碰撞,尤其是驾驶员左腿伤害值。优化车身前端结构,增加A柱强度,最大程度保证驾驶舱腿部生存空间,才能有效提高小偏置碰撞中乘员的安全性能。     

On-road assessment of in-vehicle driving workload for older drivers: Design guidelines for intelligent vehicles

There has been recent interest in intelligent vehicle technologies, such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) or in-vehicle information systems (IVISs), that offer a significant enhancement of safety and convenience to drivers and passengers. However, the use of ADAS- and IVIS-based information devices may increase driver distraction and workload, which in turn can increase the chance of traffic accidents. The number of traffic accidents involving older drivers that are due to distraction, misjudgment, and delayed detection of danger, all of which are related to the drivers’ declining physical and cognitive capabilities, has increased. Because the death rate in traffic accidents is higher when older drivers are involved, finding ways to reduce the distraction and workload of older drivers is important. This paper generalizes driver information device operations and assesses the workload while driving by means of experiments involving 40 drivers in real cars under actual road conditions. Five driving tasks (manual only, manual primarily, visual only, visual primarily, and visual-manual) and three age groups (younger (20–29 years of age), middle-aged (40–49 years of age), and older (60–69 years of age)) were considered in investigating the effect of age-related workload difference. Data were collected from 40 drivers who drove in a real car under actual road conditions. The experimental results showed that age influences driver workload while performing in-vehicle tasks.     

Impact behavior modeling of motorcycle front wheel-tire assembly

Experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of certain parameters that affect the impact response of the motorcycle front wheel-tire assembly under various impact conditions. Impact tests were conducted according to 2 _ν ^{5 − 1} fractional factorial design using a pendulum impact test apparatus with impact speed, impact mass, tire inflation pressure level, striker geometry, and impact location as design factors. Significant factors influencing the response of the wheel-tire assembly were identified. Coefficients for each factor were also determined, and empirical models were then developed for each response. An analysis indicates that the developed models fit well within the experimental ranges of the respective factors. However, for several interaction effects, the models become unrealistic, whereby they give certain deformation values when approaching zero impact mass and/or zero impact velocity. This is not consistent with the mechanics of the physical world, as there should not be any significant deformation when delivered impact energy is small enough. Efforts have been made in developing better models to resolve the inconsistency and to include a wider range, especially considering the case of the lower limit of experimental factors, which are an impact mass of 51.18 kg and/or an impact velocity of 3 m s⁻¹ (10.8 km/h) down to zero. The minimum amount of impact energy required to produce the onset of observable deformation on the wheel was incorporated in the development of new models. Finally, the present models have been developed not only to cover the lower regions but also to range up to the upper limits of the factors, which are an impact mass of 101.33 kg and an impact velocity of 6 m s⁻¹ (21.6 km/h).     

某微型汽车侧面碰撞安全性能优化

针对某微型汽车在侧面碰撞时B柱和车门变形较大、假人伤害严重、在C-NCAP侧面碰撞时得分较低问题,建立了该微型汽车侧面碰撞仿真模型,对其侧面车身结构进行优化,并进行了有限元模拟计算。优化前、后的侧面碰撞仿真结果对比表明,优化后车门侵入量明显减小,假人伤害值降低,侧面碰撞得分提高,车辆的侧面碰撞安全性显著提高。     

关于车辆行驶过程中shake问题的研究

某车型在行驶过程中驾驶员能够明显感觉到车辆存在垂向跳动,90km/h最为明显,且车辆通过减速带时振动收敛性较差,存在二次余振,本论文针对上述两个问题展开研究,通过采用液压悬置+调整部分悬置Z向刚度的方法,解决了shake问题。