超疏水性表面上的流体滑移及其减阻应用(英文)

文章从边界层理论出发,探讨了超疏水性表面的微观结构模型,分析了流体的滑移长度对粘性阻力的影响机理.通过水槽和水洞的实验,研究了超疏水性表面在不同流动条件下的减阻特性.实验结果表明:在低雷诺数流动下,最大减阻量可达到8.76%,在高雷诺数流动下,最大减阻量可达到2.63%.     

疏水表面流体流动特性的格子Boltzmann方法模拟

采用格子Boltzmann方法研究了微形貌对固体表面润湿性的影响,在此基础上进一步模拟了具有微形貌的疏水表面通道内的流体流动,从法向速度、剪应力、滑移速度等角度分析了疏水表面的流场特性,揭示了疏水表面滑移流动的产生机制。结果表明,疏水表面的滑移流动是由低表面能作用和微形貌共同引起的。具有微形貌的疏水表面比光滑疏水表面具有更好的减阻效果,原因在于微形貌能够驻留气体,形成的气液自由剪切面加剧了疏水表面的滑移流动,最大滑移速度可以达到主流平均速度的50%左右。     

疏水微形貌表面水下减阻研究进展

疏水微形貌表面减阻是一种新型仿生减阻方法,也是国内外减阻研究领域的热点之一。该文在分析天然及人造疏水微形貌表面界面一般特性的基础上,从壁面滑移流动、表面微形貌等角度总结了国内外疏水微形貌表面减阻理论研究的最新成果,然后分类给出了近年来疏水微形貌表面减阻微观及宏观试验的研究进展,最后分析了疏水微形貌表面可能的减阻机理及目前存在的技术问题。     

简化滑移线屈服机构能量法对土坡稳定分析

建立简化滑移线裂面屈服机构,运用基于塑性力学的塑性位势能理论的能量法,推得土坡稳定安全系数Fs的表达式,算例分析表明简化滑移线屈服机构能量法是可靠的。该方法无须进行危险滑裂面的搜索,用于均值土坡稳定的初步分析方便快捷。     

边坡稳定性分析的广义Bishop法

鉴于简化B ishop法作为一种简单实用且精度较高的极限平衡方法却仅限于分析圆弧破坏的缺陷,提出将B ishop法应用于任意滑裂面的广义方法.基于极限平衡理论和简化B ishop法的简化条件,推导其用于一般滑裂面破坏的边坡安全系数计算公式.通过实例分析考证比较该法的精度,并提出取矩中心的确定方法,以保证竖向力简化假设下的精度,为土坡稳定性分析提供了一种简单通用的方法.     

Effects of surfactant on the growth of wind waves — Simultaneous observations with optical and microwave sensors

The growth of wind waves was investigated in a circulating tank over slick and “clean” surfaces. The slick surface was produced through the aging of seawater, and the “clean” surface was obtained by overflowing. Water-surface slopes and microwave backscattering were simultaneously measured with an optical slope gauge and a continuous-wave radar, respectively. Dependencies of the mean-square slope and the radar backscattered power on the wind-friction velocity over these two surfaces were found to be different. A delayed growth of ripples over the slick surface was identified from optical and microwave measurements. The suppression of ripples by surface slicks was most significant at low winds up to the wind-friction velocity of 15 cm s⁻¹. A reduction of −18 dB in the mean-square slope is found at the wind-friction velocity of 11 cm s⁻¹. The exponent of power-law dependence of radar cross section on wind-friction velocity over the slick surface was much larger than that over the “clean” surface. The radar backscattering from the slick surface was reduced by −40 dB at light winds and saturated at high winds with the wind-friction velocities smaller than 11 cm s⁻¹ and larger than 24 cm s⁻¹, respectively.     

非均匀表面上移动的冲翼艇的横摇-垂荡-纵摇运动建模（英文）

Ground-effect vehicles flying close to water or ground often employ ram wings which generate aerodynamic lift primarily on their lower surfaces. The subject of this paper is the 3-DOF modeling of roll, heave, and pitch motions of such a wing in the presence of surface waves and other ground non-uniformities. The potential-flow extreme-ground-effect theory is applied for calculating unsteady pressure distribution under the wing which defines instantaneous lift force and moments. Dynamic simulations of a selected ram wing configuration are carried out in the presence of surface waves of various headings and wavelengths,as well as for transient flights over a ground obstacle. The largest amplitudes of the vehicle motions are observed in beam waves when the periods of the encounter are long. Nonlinear effects are more pronounced for pitch angles than for roll and heave. The present method can be adapted for modeling of air-supported lifting surfaces on fast marine vehicles.     

船舶焊接钛合金拉伸疲劳断裂机理的研究

通过对TC4钛合金焊接试样拉伸疲劳断裂试验结果及其断口和卸载表面观察分析,发现试样断口上有明显的河流花纹走向和起裂源,并伴有韧窝和韧性条带特征。起裂源常位于断口表面角落附近。其断裂机理是疲劳拉伸载荷作用下,在应力值比较高的时候一些沿层裂纹开始出现并扩展,当疲劳裂纹的长度达到与疲劳外加力所匹配的临界裂纹长度时,突然发生准解理断裂。试样断口呈现出准解理与韧窝断裂的混合特征。     

基于Level-set法的液舱液体晃荡数值模拟

船舶液舱中液体晃荡现象已引起人们的深刻关注,液体晃荡载荷与效应成为航行中载液船舶安全性评估的重要内容之一.该文基于Level-set法,对一矩形液舱的两种工况下舱内的液体晃荡进行了数值模拟.通过计算,得到了液面起伏和压强的时间历经,结果显示Level-set方法可有效地模拟液体晃荡问题.     

基于图像传感器的液位测量方法研究

文章利用激光笔与摄像头构建了一种非接触式液位测量装置。依据液面上的入射光斑中心与液面高度之间的函数关系，利用最小二乘法标定液位测量装置的参数，完成液位测量。由于液面的晃动具有周期性，文章通过自相关算法来判断晃动液面的振荡周期，对液面高度构成的振荡曲线进行最小方差拟合，一个周期内拟合函数上下积分值相等的点为液面高度。此算法实现了准确的实时地连续监测液位，可应用在工业液位测量等场合。     

Statistical characterization of surfaces of corroded steel plates

The statistical characteristics of corroded steel plate surfaces exposed to marine environments are of interest for assessing longer term structural safety and integrity using probabilistic methods. This requires information about the variability of corrosion loss and pitting over surfaces. The present paper reports on the observed statistical character of the surfaces of 10 large (1.2 m × 0.8 m × 3 mm thick) steel plates exposed in temperate climate marine immersion, tidal and splash zones for 2.5 years. For the analysis the plates were cut into smaller segments that were mechanically scanned to obtain digitised surface topographies. These were then analysed to estimate the correlation structure and the standard deviation of the surface topography. Considerable differences were found for these and for the mean corrosion loss between different exposure zones. For any one segment the surface topography was found to be highly statistically dependent, implying that smaller coupon sizes can provide adequate estimates of corrosion loss. From this it may be inferred that the deepest pits are not statistically independent as commonly assumed in extreme value statistical representations.     

镍矿运输船沉没机理的数值模拟分析

近几年来,多条装运红土镍矿的船舶在南中国海倾覆沉没,引起业界的震惊。红土镍矿是一种非常特殊的矿物质,在运输过程中,如果船舶遭遇风浪,或船舶本身长时间的振动,都会导致该矿石的表面液化。液化后的混合液体具有较强粘性,可以形成自由液面。但由于现存的用于计算船舶自由液面的方法不适合于具有较大粘性的液体,因而无法解释运输该种货物船舶倾覆沉没的原因。所以,该文采用数学建模的方法,对运输红土镍矿的船舶进行了模拟计算。得出的结论是当流体的惯性力大于流体的粘性剪力时,粘性流体对船舶的作用力矩随时间的变化总趋势是逐渐增大。当流体产生的横向惯性力远大于流体的剪切阻力时,流体将会挣脱剪切阻力的束缚,迅速滑向船舶的一侧,使船舶的横稳性迅速消失,最终导致船舶很快倾覆沉没。     

船用低速柴油机主轴承盖预紧实验研究

某型低速柴油机主轴承盖在设计时,采用与竖直方向倾斜的轴承盖螺栓,其目的在于:轴承盖螺栓预紧时产生的水平分力使主轴承盖两侧张开,以实现主轴承盖的自动居中定位作用.本文通过主轴承盖张紧和安装实验,验证了主轴承盖在螺栓预紧力作用下能够实现自动居中定位的作用.然后通过有限元分析,研究螺栓预紧载荷与主轴承盖变形量之间的规律,并得到主轴承盖与轴承座接触面之间的摩擦系数,对实验结果进行很好的验证和补充.     

降雨条件下非饱和粉质航道岸坡稳定性数值分析

降雨条件下粉质岸坡稳定性问题是工程技术人员面临的重要问题之一。针对苏北某船闸上游引航道护岸粉质土体边坡,建立降雨条件下考虑雨水入渗和坡体塑性变形耦合作用的非饱和粉质土体岸坡稳定性分析数值模型,探讨不同降雨强度下非饱和土质岸坡的饱和度、浸润线、基质吸力、安全系数及坡比等因素对岸坡稳定性的影响规律。结果表明:降雨导致非饱和粉质土体岸坡最危险滑裂面迅速上移,50 mm/d的降雨强度将导致最危险滑裂面平均上移约2. 4 m,每增加10 mm/d降雨量,岸坡浸润线水头升高约50 cm;岸坡安全系数随降雨强度呈线性下降,降雨过程中安全系数下降的幅度随坡比的增大而增大。     

沟槽面湍流边界层减阻特性研究

在光滑平板中分别嵌入一段不同尺寸的沟槽板,通过分析构槽板前后流场速度分布、紊动特性等的变化,得出：沟槽板上粘性底层厚度比沟槽板上、下游光滑平板处增大,沟槽板上流速分布对数公式中的C值也比上、下游光滑平板的C值大,说明沟槽板上局部摩擦阻力较小,进而对沟槽板局部减阻特性进行了深入的探讨。     

Satellite remote sensing of the Polar Oceans

The advent of satellite remote sensing has opened doors for detailed monitoring of the polar regions at a relatively high temporal resolution. Several sensors have been developed over the years, the most noteworthy of which are the visible, the infrared and the microwave systems. The visible and infrared systems are most intelligible to the human eye and provide images that have good spatial resolution. However, because of persistent cloudiness and several months of darkness in the polar regions the most promising sensors appear to be the microwave systems, both passive and active. The passive microwave sensors have been the source of consistently derived ice cover and ice extent data and have provided about fifteen years of global data sets. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), on the other hand, is noted for very high resolution and a wide range of applications including ice dynamics and ice/wave interaction studies. Nevertheless, there are applications which require the use of the visible and infrared channels, such as the mapping of chlorophyll pigment concentrations in the marginal ice zones which require an ocean color scanner. Also, the infrared sensors are most effective for detecting physical temperatures over cloud-free ice and open water surfaces. Furthermore, altimeters could play an important role in mapping ice surface topography and in evaluating ridge and lead statistics. A review of past, present and future satellite systems, methods and techniques of interpretation and potential applications to the study of the polar oceans is presented.     

LNG船液舱晃荡载荷滤波算法研究

晃荡载荷是船舶液舱及其内部结构的主要载荷,可能对船舶结构产生破坏。本文提出的用于处理LNG船液舱晃荡载荷的双重中值均值限幅组合滤波光顺方法能有效地为船舶结构设计和强度评估提供更加稳定、准确的晃荡载荷。针对模型液舱液体晃荡的数值模拟数据进行滤波分析,分析压力、速度和加速度值的滤波效果,分别与实验数据和小波变换滤波效果比较,并对滤波算法的滑移步长进行了敏感性分析,提出了合适的滑移步长取值。     

深水球形接头密封的结构设计和性能分析（英文）

To overcome the current difficulties of high-precision machining and the high manufacturing and maintenance costs of spherical seals for deep-water drilling ball joints, a new spherical seal technique is proposed in this paper. The spherical seal is mainly composed of silicone rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE). Rational structural design makes the seal independent from the ball and other components, making it easy to replace if leakage occurs at its surface. PTFE can elastically deform over a certain deformation range, which guarantees that two sealing surfaces fit tightly together. O-Ring and PTFE elasticity makes up for any lack of accuracy during spherical machining and decreases the machining precision requirements for spherical surfaces. Using a finite element technique and nonlinear theory, the performance of the spherical seal under the influence of various factors is determined. The results show that the spherical seal designed in this paper exhibits excellent sealing performance under lowtemperature and high-pressure conditions. The spherical seal, a combination of an O-ring and PTFE, has the advantages of cheap manufacturing and maintenance costs and excellent sealing performance.     

Structural Design and Performance Analysis of a Deep-Water Ball Joint Seal

To overcome the current difficulties of high-precision machining and the high manufacturing and maintenance costs of spherical seals for deep-water drilling ball joints, a new spherical seal technique is proposed in this paper. The spherical seal is mainly composed of silicone rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Rational structural design makes the seal independent from the ball and other components, making it easy to replace if leakage occurs at its surface. PTFE can elastically deform over a certain deformation range, which guarantees that two sealing surfaces fit tightly together. O-Ring and PTFE elasticity makes up for any lack of accuracy during spherical machining and decreases the machining precision requirements for spherical surfaces. Using a finite element technique and nonlinear theory, the performance of the spherical seal under the influence of various factors is determined. The results show that the spherical seal designed in this paper exhibits excellent sealing performance under low-temperature and high-pressure conditions. The spherical seal, a combination of an O-ring and PTFE, has the advantages of cheap manufacturing and maintenance costs and excellent sealing performance.     

Vibration-assisted decommissioning of a slip joint: Application to an offshore wind turbine

An alternative option to the traditional grouted joint for wind turbines is a direct steel-to-steel connection, also known as slip joint. In a recently published work, a proof of concept of a vibration-assisted installation and decommissioning technique of a slip joint was illustrated. Leveraging on the obtained results, the current study shows for the first time a decommissioning campaign carried out using a vibration-assisted technique applied on a prototype hydraulic wind turbine tower located in the North Sea, and connected to the monopile through a slip joint. The key aspect of the dismounting procedure is a priori knowledge of the resonance frequency clusters corresponding to the slip joint’s cross-sectional modes. Therefore, field hammer tests and experimental modal analysis were carried out inside the wind turbine tower. The identified frequencies and mode shapes were then compared with numerical ones estimated by a finite element model of the investigated structure. The comparison showed that a set of frequency clusters can be directly selected from a detailed numerical model. The preparatory work of the slip joint decommissioning was then executed by installing electric shaker devices, based on the dynamic identification results, and hydraulic jacks mounted inside the wind turbine tower. A first decommissioning trial was carried out in May 2019, while the final decommissioning was performed in August 2019. After analysing the measurements of the hydraulic pressures, displacements and excitation frequencies during the decommissioning campaigns, the results showed that it is possible to disconnect the slip joint if, in combination to a vertical static force, one of the identified cross-sectional mode shapes is excited. The vibration-assisted decommissioning proved to be a successful technique to dismount the connection in a controlled and straightforward manner.