车用柴油机可变喷嘴涡轮增压器电控系统研究

在CA6DE柴油机上,对自主开发的可变喷嘴涡轮增压器(VNT)电控系统进行了多轮匹配试验,并进行了实车道路试验,找出了CA6DE柴油机VNT电控系统的控制策略和最优MAP。在VNT电控系统中采用适合于柴油机上控制的硬件电路和PID控制算法,以达到对VNT喷嘴环开度进行精确的控制。试验结果表明,与采用普通涡轮增压器相比,采用VNT电控系统可以提高柴油机扭矩20%、降低烟度25%～50%、降低油耗5%。     

VNT增压柴油机与整车速度瞬态响应的试验分析

对装有可变喷嘴涡轮增压器(VNT)的柴油机客车在高原地区与平原地区上的起动、起步加速、换挡加速及减速等变工况下瞬态特性进行了试验研究。对VNT的瞬时转速、发动机转速、汽车速度等参数进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,起动时,VNT转速滞后于发动机的转速;起步加速工况,VNT转速随发动机转速变化的瞬态响应快;换挡加速工况,VNT的转速随发动机转速增加而增加;减速工况,发动机转速下降,VNT转速呈现下降趋势。VNT的有效调节,控制了涡轮不超速,可以改善涡轮增压柴油机的瞬态特性,有利于整车变工况行驶性能的提高。     

车用柴油机EGR瞬态响应特性

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态测试系统和电控EGR系统进行了EGR瞬态响应特性研究。结果表明:瞬态工况下由于EGR压差的增加和进气量的减小造成EGR率大幅度超调,增加幅值随瞬变率增加而增加;EGR本身会造成柴油机排气烟度增加,瞬态工况下EGR率的超调更加剧了这种恶化;与稳态工况相比,1600 r/min、5 s增负荷工况EGR率最大超调幅度达到43%,排气烟度增加6倍;2000 r/min增负荷工况EGR瞬态响应特性具有大致相同的规律。在发动机瞬变过程中需要制定相应的EGR瞬态控制策略,以降低瞬态排气烟度。     

可变喷嘴增压器与增压柴油机的匹配试验研究

在CA498Z柴油机上进行了可变喷嘴增压器(VNT)的匹配试验研究。试验结果表明,VNT可以在发动机的整个转速范围内和CA498Z柴油机实现良好的匹配。VNT显著提高了发动机外特性的低速转矩,降低了外特性的排气烟度。扩大了该柴油机低油耗区的转速范围,改善了整机的燃油经济性。     

VNT和EGR耦合对柴油机性能及排放特性影响的试验研究

针对VNT-EGR技术在国六柴油机上的应用,研究了VNT与EGR耦合对柴油机经济性和排放特性的影响规律。通过VNT与EGR开度的正交试验,并结合喷油参数进行与柴油机的优化匹配。研究结果表明:VNT增压器与EGR同时工作时,EGR开度增加导致可利用的排气能量降低,增压器的效率向低效率区域移动,减小VNT开度可改善这一现象;相同EGR开度下,减小VNT开度可以提高柴油机的空燃比,在炭烟排放水平相同的条件下,可以实现更大的EGR率,进一步降低NO_x比排放,炭烟与NO_x的总体排放水平有所降低,燃油消耗率随VNT开度的减小呈先降低后升高的趋势,是泵气损失与缸内燃烧状况共同作用的结果;VNT与EGR开度的正交优化大幅度降低了NO_x比排放,烟度与油耗有所上升,但低速大负荷的经济性会有所改善,配合喷油参数优化,可以在满足NO_x原排的条件下,经济性最优。     

VNT改善柴油机低速性能的试验研究

在498柴油机上匹配了可变喷嘴涡轮增压器(VNT),研究其对直喷柴油机性能的影响。试验结果表明,VNT能增加低速扭矩,改善低速时的燃油经济性,降低柴油机低速的冒烟极限和烟度,改善柴油机低速时的加速特性。     

不同海拔下基于VNT驱动的EGR对轻型柴油机燃烧与排放的影响

对于轻型柴油机而言,采用可变喷嘴涡轮增压（VNT）技术和排气再循环（EGR）是较为理想的机内净化技术措施。国六轻型车排放法规的实施,使得高原地区轻型车的污染物排放问题受到更多的关注。为此,采用高原环境模拟装置,试验研究了在海拔分别为0、1 000和1 960 m时,基于VNT驱动高压EGR对一台轻型车用高速直喷柴油机燃烧和排放的影响。结果表明：采用VNT驱动EGR时,不同海拔下,在相同的VNT喷嘴环开度范围内,EGR率的变化范围几乎相同。不同海拔下,随着EGR率的升高,最高平均温度降低;最大转矩工况的最高缸内压力降低,燃烧始点推后,燃烧持续期延长;而额定功率工况的最高缸内压力升高,燃烧始点提前,燃烧持续期缩短。EGR仍然能够有效降低不同海拔下的NOx排放,且随着海拔的升高,NOx比排放降幅增大;不同海拔下,基于VNT驱动EGR时,随着EGR率的升高,最大转矩工况的CO比排放和烟度均升高,而额定功率工况的CO比排放和烟度均随之降低,并且高原地区,EGR对CO比排放和烟度的影响更为显著。     

谐振进气改善增压中冷柴油机性能和排放的研究

自行设计了适合于车用增压中冷柴油机的谐振进气系统,试验研究了谐振进气对柴油机燃油消耗率(b)、充量系数(c)、排气烟度(Rb)、PM等气体排放物的影响。结果表明,采用谐振进气系统可有效改善增压中冷柴油机的低速性能。合理匹配谐振系统参数,在低于谐振转速的工况范围内,可有效提高增压中冷柴油机的进气充量,增加空燃比(α),降低b和Rb。采用谐振箱容积为1.83 L、谐振管直径为50 mm、谐振管长度为1.1 m的谐振系统,与原机相比,低速工况c提高5%,Rb降低33%,同时有效降低了CO及PM排放。     

低速提扭对废气涡轮增压柴油机燃烧排放特性的影响

为解决废气涡轮增压柴油机低速段扭矩过低问题,通过提高电动增压器变频器的频率来提升增压器的转速,进而控制进气流量,提升柴油机低速段扭矩。通过分析额外进气量对提扭后废气涡轮增压柴油机的经济性、燃烧特性和排放特性的影响表明,与加装增压器前相同转速的原机外特性工况点的数据相比,提扭后扭矩提升9%～25%。随电动增压器频率的增加,油耗率呈先升后降的趋势,在频率为50 Hz时油耗率比原机增加了1.14%～4.44%;烟度也呈先升后降趋势,但在频率为50 Hz时的烟度比0 Hz时下降了37.4%～44.9%;NO_x排放随电动增压器频率的增加无明显规律。     

二级增压系统压气机效率的优化策略研究

对配置在1台重型车用柴油机上的二级增压系统进行了性能研究。结果表明:放气阀开启的二级增压系统存在进气能力不足、压气机效率低的问题;关闭二级增压放气阀后,在中、低转速低负荷工况仅采用高压级增压器,而其余工况借助高压级涡轮旁通阀实现进气压力可调,增压系统压气机效率均可超过60%,且最大进气压力可达334kPa;针对不同工况采用不同增压形式,通过控制涡轮旁通阀开度使二级增压系统进气压力及压比分配得到有效调节,可以改善压气机效率及燃油经济性,为二级增压系统与重型柴油机的性能匹配提供技术参考。     

EGR柴油机瞬态性能优化研究

以降低瞬态过程烟度和NO_x排放为目标,在一台高压共轨电控重型柴油机上进行了EGR对柴油机恒转速增扭矩5s典型瞬态过程燃烧和排放性能影响的优化研究。结果表明:瞬态过程中固定EGR阀开度造成EGR率"超调"、烟度剧增;与"全程轨压"策略相比,"分段轨压"有利于改善小负荷工况的燃烧热氛围,提高瞬态起始负荷并耦合"分段轨压"可以有效降低瞬态过程烟度峰值;EGR阀的开闭对瞬态性能影响最大,瞬态过程1.5s关阀、4s开阀的策略可以实现较好的烟度和NO_x排放折中,消光烟度峰值为9.2%,NO_x峰值稍有增加但增幅不大。     

Influence of rail pressure on a two-stage turbocharged heavy-duty diesel engine under transient operation

The demand for continually improving the transient performance of diesel engines requires higher rail pressure and more efficient turbocharger. Before the test, a two-stage turbocharger with a turbine by-pass valve (TBV) had been matched reasonably with the base engine. In order to reduce smoke emission under the typical 5-second transient process of constant speed and increasing torque, the influence of rail pressure on combustion, emissions and performance characteristics was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the two-stage turbocharger was helpful in improving transient performance. Moreover, the full-stage rail pressure (FSRP) strategies (increasing rail pressure during the whole transient process) could reduce smoke emission when the TBV was closed. However, smoke deteriorated once TBV opening got larger. Then the sectional-stage rail pressure (SSRP) strategies (increasing rail pressure from a pre-set load to 100 % load) were presented under small TBV opening to improve in-cylinder thermal condition. Hence, the air-fuel mixing process was improved at medium and large loads. Then the maximum decline of smoke opacity peak was 56.3 %, which happened under 10 % TBV opening. In addition, fuel consumption of FSRP strategies got worse under larger TBV opening. However, this deterioration situation could be effectively restrained by the utilization of SSRP strategies.     

MWMTBD620柴油机加载过渡工况的性能研究

采用自行设计的过渡工况控制及测量系统,对MWMTBD620柴油机进行了加栽过渡工况下的空燃比、 消光烟度及示功图参数的测试。试验结果表明,随负荷增加率的上升,空燃比减小,燃烧恶化;燃烧始点后移,预混 燃烧比明显下降。上述原因导致了在加载过渡工况下,随负荷增加率的升高,柴油机的性能恶化,油耗增加,燃烧 噪声变大,排气烟度上升。     

Effects of Injection Timing on Transient Performance of A Regulated Two-Stage Turbocharged Diesel Engine with Turbine Bypass Valve

The object of this paper is to reduce soot emissions under typical 5s transient conditions of constant speed and increasing torque. And effects of fuel injection timing on combustion and emissions parameters were experimentally and numerically studied in a regulated two-stage turbocharged diesel engine with a turbine bypass valve (TBV). The test results indicated that: the smaller TBV opening could improve deterioration of smoke emissions and BSFC at medium and heavy loads. Afterward, the full-stage injection timing (FSIT) strategies (delaying injection timing during the entire transient process) could reduce soot and NO_X emissions simultaneously. However, when TBV opening became larger, smoke emissions and BSFC were deteriorated gradually. Moreover, the sectional-stage injection timing (SSIT) strategies (advancing injection timing from 10 % load to a preset load and delaying injection timing from the preset load to 100 % load) could markedly reduce soot emissions by 75.8 % with TBV opening 20 %; the degradation of fuel consumption could be effectively suppressed. Finally, coupling the SSIT strategies with the TBV control strategies could significantly improve the transient performance.     

压燃式发动机汽车自由加速法排气烟度(不透光)检验作业指导书

自由加速排气烟度不透光烟度法是检验压燃式发动机汽车排气污染物常用方法之一。本指导书详细阐述了不透光烟度计日常检查方法、不透光烟度法检验步骤以及不透光烟度计校准方法,并提出使用维护方法。     

Effects of valve timing and intake flow motion control on combustion and time-resolved HC & NOx formation characteristics

In SI engines, valve events have a major influence on volumetric efficiency, fuel economy and exhaust emissions. Moreover, swirl and tumble motions in the intake charge also improve combustion speed and quality by stratifying the mixture as well as intensifying the mixing rate of air and fuel. This paper investigates the behaviors of an engine and the combustion phenomenon for various intake valve timings and intake charge motions using CVVT system and port masking schemes. Test condition includes a part load and a cold idle condition inclusive of a cold start of the engine. Time-resolved HC and NOx emissions were also measured at an exhaust port to examine their formation mechanisms and behaviors with fast response HC/NOx analyzers. In conclusion, the fast burning of fuel and improved combustion quality by enhanced charge motions reduced unburned HC emissions, and advancing the intake valve opening reduced HC as well as NOx. Furthermore, HCs during the cold transient phase and idle conditions decreased with recalibrated start parameters such as lean air-fuel ratio and spark retardation via the enhancement of intake charge motions.     

EGR系统在SNH4102型柴油机中的标定试验

EGR系统是治理内燃机排放污染物Nq的有效方法之一,在PTO台架上对SNH4102型柴油机EGR系统进行标定试验,采用真空度控制EGR阀开度,实现EGR系统的调节。在柴油机额定转速下,将测功器开至100％,75％,50％,10％;在最大扭矩下,将测功器开至100％,75％,50％;及怠速工况下,找到EGR阀最佳开度,完成EGR系统的标定;并通过NHA-501型废气分析仪和FLB-100不透光式烟度计等测量排放物的含量。结果表明：在SNH4102型柴油机台架试验中,EGR系统对于NOx的控制有明显的效果,对CO和HC等排放物的抑制作用不明显。     

柴油车烟度排放检测方案分析

介绍了柴油车烟度测试的两种仪器滤纸式烟度仪和不透光式烟度仪,分别对这两种仪器的测量原理及其相互关系进行了分析和说明。     

Effect of injection timing,injector opening pressure,injector nozzle geometry,and swirl on the performance of a direct injection,compression-ignition engine fuelled with honge oil methyl ester (HOME)

Increasing petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international interest in developing renewable and alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines. Evolving feasible technology and recurring energy crisis necessitated a continued investigation into the search for sustainable and clean-burning renewable fuels. In this investigation, Honge oil methyl ester (HOME) was used in a four stroke, single cylinder diesel engine. Tests were carried out to study the effect of fuel injection timing, fuel injector opening pressure (IOP) and injector nozzle geometry on the performance and combustion of CI engine fuelled with HOME. Injection timing was varied from 19°bTDC (before top dead centre) to 27°bTDC in incremental steps of 4°bTDC; injector opening pressure was varied from 210 bar to 240 bar in steps of 10 bar. Nozzle injectors of 3, 4 and 5 holes, each of 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3 mm size were selected for the study. It was concluded that retarded injection timing of 19°bTDC, increased injector opening pressure of 230 bar and 4 hole nozzle injector of 0.2 mm size resulted in overall better engine performance with increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduced HC, CO, smoke emissions. Further air-fuel mixing was improved using swirl induced techniques which enhanced the engine performance as well.