Exploring the possibility of MaaS service in Thailand,implications from the existing conditions and experts' opinions on “Who should be the MaaS provider in Bangkok?”

Mobility-as-a-Service or MaaS is the emerging transport solution that services a package of mobility to customers. MaaS aims to give a new travel experience to travelers, in terms of access to the services and seamless trips on one single platform. The organization of MaaS requires a new player, a MaaS provider, who mediates the travelers (customers) and transport services. The MaaS provider takes the roles of data provider, integrator, and MaaS operator. In many pilot and implementation of MaaS schemes around the world, the MaaS providers come from various stakeholders and employ various business models. MaaS providers are crucial in that they lead the cooperation among all stakeholders and are the driving force of the services. In Bangkok, Thailand, where MaaS is a relatively new concept, the identification of a suitable MaaS provider was explored. Taking the local transport conditions, both demand and service conditions, scenarios of probable MaaS providers were investigated. The study method included literature reviews and collection of present transport setting, including the organizational arrangement. Expert interview and focus group meeting were used to form a concrete understanding and to imply the possibility of the MaaS provider in Bangkok. Three scenarios of Maas providers were set: public transport service provider, private transport service provider and third party, and Public Private Partnership. The results disclose issues that need to be resolved if the stakeholder would serve as the MaaS provider. Several implications are drawn to set the directions of MaaS development and a possible MaaS provider in Bangkok.     

The shape of MaaS: The potential for MaaS Lite

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is about improving mobility for people. Since Gothenburg piloted the first multi-modal Mobility as a Service (MaaS) scheme from 2012, there have been many further attempts at introducing connected and bundled services globally, invariably provided as a mobile app and a single, simple ticketing interface. As in any emerging paradigm, the varying flavour, or ‘shapes’ of MaaS that are piloted reflect the search for a sustainable business model and connectivity between transport operators at varying levels that includes risk reallocation and data sharing. The varying levels of success of MaaS and Mobility on Demand (MOD) lead the authors to propose MaaS Lite, which reflects an incremental approach to MaaS based on a simpler organisational arrangement that does not depend upon the introduction of a Mobility Operator as a new player. MaaS Lite also recognises that most trips are not complex at all, often based on one or two connected mechanised modes that meets highly local needs, including FMLM service connectivity.Overall, MaaS is not a ‘one size fits all’ solution for all regions but the benefits of the highly targeted MaaS Lite could realise early public benefits as a first step in the development of a multi-phased ‘services road map’ that evolves towards the implementation of multi-modal, region-wide operationally integrated MaaS. Case studies in Hong Kong and Brisbane demonstrate the merits of MaaS Lite in these two contrasting environments having different regulatory regimes, population densities and levels of private car ownership.     

MaaS trends and policy-level initiatives in the EU

The concept of mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) was conceived in Finland, and it is characteristically user-oriented. Interest in MaaS has quickly spread across Europe along with the rapid advances in information and communications technology and the internet of things in recent years, as the realization of MaaS is consistent with the policy directions of the EU member states promoting the use of public transport.This paper describes the MaaS concept in EU, the birth of the concept in Finland and its background, and EU-wide policy level initiatives and their characteristics.     

Mobility as a service policy planning,deployments and trials in Taiwan

This paper presents planning, design, development policy and trials of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in Taiwan. First, strategic planning on MaaS was conducted for the development of national policy on MaaS while a dynamic travel information system has been proposed and developed for a potential platform to meet MaaS needs. The implementation approach with the public-private partnership was also proposed and assessed in this strategic planning. Based on the results of strategic planning, two MaaS demonstration projects are initiated in Taipei and Kaohsiung Metropolitans with different integrated and multimodal transportation services. This paper then presents the functions, public-private partnership framework and performance of the two demonstration projects, which is part of the National ITS Program. Additionally, a pre-MaaS project implemented in Taipei is evaluated in terms of transportation policy, integration of green mobility, and system performance achieved. Finally, this paper concludes by the summarizing challenges and lessons learned from the two cases and further research and planning needs for MaaS programs.     

交通出行统一帐号的电子支付MaaS运营探索

交通出行已经定位为民生实事,要求2019年全国260个地级以上城市交通出行城际无障碍互联互通,同时交通出行在不断创新的服务推动下已经悄然升级到MaaS一体化智慧出行新时代,电子支付已经成为交通出行MaaS服务的强力推手,必须对各类电子支付实现集约化运营。提出了基于统一帐号的金融级安全+电信级通信能力的交通出行聚合支付体系架构,基于该体系架构交通运营机构可利用自身优势资源,向用户提供多种账户,多种接入方式的出行全业务聚合支付服务,在完成交通运输部城市交通出行互联互通的同时构建了基于资金信息流的出行“数据链”,向云计算和大数据的智慧服务和运营体系推进。     

对我国道路运输行业管理方针的探讨

面对我国道路运输业存在的诸多问题,指出了加强行业管理的重要性,并对道路运输业的经济本质进行了理论分析。尽管世界各国的道路运输行业都不具备自然垄断的形态,但文章仍然在我国首次提出了道路运输业属公用事业范畴的观点,这在一定程度上给出了我国道路运输业管制与放开争议的解决思路。根据我国道路运输行业所处的发展阶段和发展环境,提出了政府对道路运输行业的管理不仅不应消弱,相反应该大大加强的观点。对于竞争不完全的市场,政府的管制是至为必要的;仅强调开放运输市场只会增加竞争的无序和资源的浪费。文章认为今后相当时期对道路运输行业应实施适度管制的管理方针,而管制的重点在于运输市场的准入。     

International and intercultural differences in arguments used against road safety policy measures

Policy measures in the field of road safety are not easily implemented for several reasons. Interventions can be undertaken in a multitude of policy areas, but it is often uncertain how effective the measures are. Moreover, policymakers may be reluctant to implement road safety policy measures because of the expected high costs and/or perceived low public support. To understand the arguments used against policy measures for road safety, a survey was conducted in ten countries (China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Austria, Sweden, Greece, France, Nigeria, and Argentina). Respondents were presented with ten possible road safety measures and asked whether they would support or oppose them, what arguments their opinion was based on, and what the consequence of the measure would be on them individually. This paper describes the main findings of the research and then zooms in on three counterarguments: restriction of mobility, discrimination, and unjustifiability of state interventions, as well as on three of the measures considered—compulsory use of ISA systems, mandatory cycle helmets, and screening of older motorists. With this research, previous results on the level of public support have been confirmed, and new insights have been gained. If people feel safe when using a particular transport mode, they are less conscious of the need for additional or stricter measures affecting their transport mode. The perceived restriction of human liberties, fear of discrimination, and resistance to state interventions fuel opposition against measures. Moreover, people from different countries vary in what they consider fair and unfair, which is linked to the national culture and social organization. Even if a measure was perceived to be unfair from a certain perspective (e.g., discrimination), some respondents supported the measure. Our research also illustrates that even people who recognize that a measure would be effective might oppose it because they think it is not justified from at least one perspective, for instance, an excessive restriction of freedom.     

城市综合客运枢纽运行安全现状分析

城市综合客运枢纽是城市交通发展中、整合多层面运输资源、支撑全方位客运网络的重要骨干节点,我国大规模开展城市综合客运枢纽建设的时间较短,现有标准规范虽然给出了功能和总体规模的规定,但不成体系,且缺乏针对安全问题的全面考虑.为了促进综合客运枢纽的安全运营,本文在总结现阶段我国城市综合客运枢纽存在的主要安全和应急处置问题的基础上,分别就城市综合客运枢纽规划设计阶段和运营管理方面,对未来综合客运枢纽的安全运营管理提出了诸如枢纽设计要结合实际运营需求、开展枢纽风险辨识研究、完善法律法规和枢纽管理体系等相关建议.     

计划行为理论视角下基于出行行为的公交防疫策略影响效果研究

疫策略对居民公交出行决策行为和出行偏好有着关键作用, 直接关系到公交优先策略的长期实施效果。从居民出行行为的角度, 在计划行为理论的框架下, 基于调查数据研究了居民公交出行影响因素及作用路径, 在此基础上对公共交通防疫策略进行了分析。研究发现了疫情期间公交出行行为影响因素中的1条显著作用路径, 即“风险感知、防疫策略→出行态度→出行意向→出行行为”, 验证了疫情风险感知和各项防疫管控策略对居民出行方式选择行为和出行偏好上有着深刻的长期影响, 需要更加慎重的使用停运等严格策略。通过进一步地观测变量分析, 驾驶员和车内环境消杀等信息对相应潜变量的路径系数最高, 均达到0.9以上, 说明已实施的防疫策略的信息公开对乘客出行态度极其重要, 这在当前是普遍被忽略的。在分析结果的基础上提出了信息公开、分散就坐等具体策略建议。      

Transport ferroviaire régional en Allemagne. L’exemple de la région de Leipzig

The German regional rail passenger transport (SPNV) is, eighteen years after the railway reform of 1993, a dynamic one. Over the last fifteen years, passengers have increased by +43% and trains.km by +28%. There are more than 30 railway operators. Tenders drive this dynamism and newcomer’s market share is approaching 25% in 2011 (in train.km). The Leipzig region, which has seen the birth of long-distance rail transport with the great line Leipzig-Dresden inspired by F. List (1834), participate in this revival: since 2010, two operators, DB Regio and Veolia, share regional rail services. What early lessons can be drawn for the reform of the French TER?     

Exploring ways to determine an alternative strategic road network in a metropolitan city: A multi-criteria analysis approach

Street functional classification comprises a principal element of urban road networks. However, the conventional approach that has dominated urban and transport planning, has given main priority on car movement. This condition lead to significant negative impacts on cities such as major severances to the urban fabric, low multimodality level, inaccessible road environment for pedestrians and cyclists. As a result, it is clear that we should embark into a new hierarchy system, enhancing and supporting sustainable transport modes.The current research intends to develop a method that determines the strategic road network of a metropolitan region based on a multicriteria analysis process (MCA). More specifically, at first, we created 3 alternatives of re-defining the current strategic road network of the study area. These alternatives propose 3 different strategic network classifications according to several parameters; i) connectivity properties, ii) route position in the road network, iii) urban interest, iv) existence of major public transport lines and metropolitan cycling routes, as well as v) their existing classification condition. Afterwards, we evaluate these alternatives using multicriteria analysis (REGIME method) in order to choose the most efficient one. The evaluation process uses various criteria which cover a considerable range of urban and transport issues. The selected alternative adopts a two-dimensional matrix approach, which addresses the significance of the routes and the modes prioritized. The method is applied to the metropolitan area of Athens in Greece.It is worth noting that the selected alternative can bring about notable benefits for the Greek capital, such as increase of walking, cycling and public transport share, improvement of traffic safety level, greener mobility (less GHG emissions and energy consumption), enhancement of the urban realm, better accessibility and coherence of the urban fabric. The method proposed, is a human-oriented planning tool which provides priority to sustainable modes and could be replicated to other areas with similar characteristics as well.     

公路交通可持续发展能力评价与应用

分析了公路交通可持续发展的基本内涵,针对性地提出了建立公路可持续发展评价指标体系的思路和原则,并构建了交通可持续发展能力评价指标体系,详细解释了指标所应用的数学模型。最后应用该指标体系对我国公路交通1985年至2005年的可持续发展状况进行了评价,并对评价结果进行了分析。总体上我国公路交通一直处于可持续发展状态,但在生态保护、能源利用方面还需高度重视。     

Temps et pratiques modales. Le plus court est-il le mieux ?

This paper considers the rationality of travel practices with regard to journey times. The problem can be formulated as follows: to what extent is modal choice determined by a qualitative rather than a quantitative comparison between journey times? Modal choice for home-to-work trips in the conurbations of Grenoble, Geneva, Lausanne and Berne among a representative sample of 2,000 employed persons faced with an alternative is analyzed. The study on which the paper is based explores two directions: the first examines the perception of journey times and the second considers the rationality of users' modal choice with regard to real and perceived travel times. This dual analysis reveals that although users do not necessarily attempt to minimize their home-to-work travel time, they do try to avoid time spent travelling that is impossible to put to good use because of a lack of comfort or flexibility. Furthermore the results show that the quality of time and the speed at which time passes are linked: when use can be made of the journey time it passes quickly, when it cannot it passes slowly and is viewed in the same way as a long waiting time. Such poor quality is a frequent characteristic of public transport. Ultimately, the study shows that while the comparison between journey times is a criterion for modal choice it only takes on meaning in relation to the form and content of the time. While most respondents prefer their car to public transport it is as much on the grounds of flexibility and quality of the time as on the grounds of speed.     

新能源汽车安全分析及发展建议

通过对新能源汽车安全事故的梳理和分析,发现新能源汽车安全事故具有复杂性和系统性特征,需要进行统筹分析和界定。我国对新能源汽车的安全管理包括建设监控平台以及制定执行安全标准等措施,仍需要进一步的落实实施。建议企业在新能源汽车安全方面要更加重视技术研发和对产品安全的管理水平,而政府应该重视政策管理的科学可持续性以及前沿科技的引导与研发。     

基于随机系数Logit模型的城市群城际出行方式选择行为研究

以粤港澳大湾区城市群的广深城际运输通道为例，分析城际运输通道中影响旅客出行方式选择行为的因素及其影响。传统的多项式Logi（tMNL）模型具有无关方案独立性，无法对不同出行者的选择偏好差异进行定量分析，故应用随机系数Logit模型分析城际交通出行选择行为。选取城际出行旅客的个人社会经济属性、心理潜变量（对交通方式舒适性、可靠性和便捷性的心理感受）、城际出行方式特征变量设计问卷。采用线上与线下相结合的方式开展问卷调查，共收集534份问卷，基于此建立并求解随机系数Logit模型。随机系数Logit模型估计结果的伪R2为0.178，表明模型具有良好的拟合度。研究结果表明:城际出行旅客的收入、职业、私家车保有情况、家庭儿童数量以及对出行方式便捷性的感知对其选择行为有显著影响；而出行方式的舒适性、可靠性对城际出行方式的选择行为影响不显著；改善交通方式的便捷性对提升城际出行方式的吸引力起关键作用。因此，在城际交通规划设计、运营管理中应着重考虑便捷性对城际交通方式选择带来的影响。      

Mixité sociale et choix modal : importance des dimensions symboliques dans l’attrait des transports collectives

Our understanding of transport mode choice is largely based upon functional attributes, such as travel time, cost or accessibility. It is important, however, to also look at symbolic and affective attributes. Indeed, one of the main differences between mass transit and private car use is strongly symbolic: public transport compels users to confront social diversity. Given a hypothetical choice between those modes, 200 residents of the Parisian region were asked five times to evaluate (measuring usage intention on a six point scale: ?3 meaning never and +3 meaning always, with no neutral point) the attractiveness of bus versus car-based transport, according to relative travel time and bus users’ population type. The results show that the symbolic dimension (the social mix) strongly contributes to the desirability of a transport mode, as does the functional dimension (travel time).     

Improving train service reliability by applying an effective timetable robustness strategy

ABSTRACT

To avoid propagation of delays in dense railway timetables, it is important to ensure robustness. One strategy to improve robustness is to provide adequate amount of buffer times between trains. This study concerns how “scheduled minimum headways” should be determined in order to improve robustness in timetables. Scheduled minimum headways include technical minimum headway plus some buffer time. We propose a strategy to be implemented in timetables at the final stages of planning and prior to the operations. The main contributions of this study are 1) to propose a strategy where the size of the scheduled minimum headways is dependent on trains' travel times instead of a fixed-sized time slot and it is called “travel time dependent scheduled minimum headways” or TTDSMH, 2) to evaluate the effects of the new strategy on heterogeneity, speed, and the number of trains in timetables, 3) to show that a simple strategy can improve robustness without imposing major changes in timetables. The strategy is implemented in an Mixed Integer Linear Programming framework for timetabling and tested for some problem instances from Sweden. Results show that TTDSMH can improve robustness. The proposed strategy can be applied in intelligent transportation tools for railway timetabling.     

Prediction of wheel wear in urban railway transport: comparison of existing models

One of the most important maintenance costs in tramway transport comes from wear of wheel profiles. In the highly competitive railway market, the prediction of wear is then a major concern of the constructors. In this article, we present and compare four models well adapted to tramway conditions, involving contacts on the rolling tread and on the flange with very different sliding and pressure conditions. Moreover, all models can be implemented from the natural outputs of the railway simulation packages classically used in industry for the dynamics design of the vehicles. The first one, proposed by Jendel, is based on the well-known Archard's wear model. Enblom continues Jendel's approach by taking into account the contribution of wheel deformation on the sliding velocity. The last two models, developed by Zobory, and Pearce and Sherratt, determine the wear from the energy dissipation in the contact area. The models are first compared on a theoretical basis and, for that purpose, are rewritten in a common form. Two cases are distinguished: mild wear as arising on the rolling tread and severe wear as arising on the flange. The models are also compared in the practical case of an urban transport vehicle running on circular tracks with different curve radii. Although the models show equivalent trends according to the theoretical study, important discrepancies appear between estimated wear depths. All models are actually dependent on experimental coefficients and it is likely that they were estimated in different conditions. On the other hand, a reasonable agreement can be found in some particular conditions. As an example, Zobory's, Enblom's and Jendel's models are very close to each other in severe wear conditions. This work shows that a general and reliable model could probably be developed from all positive aspects of the existing ones.     

Prediction of wheel wear in urban railway transport: comparison of existing models

One of the most important maintenance costs in tramway transport comes from wear of wheel profiles. In the highly competitive railway market, the prediction of wear is then a major concern of the constructors. In this article, we present and compare four models well adapted to tramway conditions, involving contacts on the rolling tread and on the flange with very different sliding and pressure conditions. Moreover, all models can be implemented from the natural outputs of the railway simulation packages classically used in industry for the dynamics design of the vehicles. The first one, proposed by Jendel, is based on the well-known Archard's wear model. Enblom continues Jendel's approach by taking into account the contribution of wheel deformation on the sliding velocity. The last two models, developed by Zobory, and Pearce and Sherratt, determine the wear from the energy dissipation in the contact area. The models are first compared on a theoretical basis and, for that purpose, are rewritten in a common form. Two cases are distinguished: mild wear as arising on the rolling tread and severe wear as arising on the flange. The models are also compared in the practical case of an urban transport vehicle running on circular tracks with different curve radii. Although the models show equivalent trends according to the theoretical study, important discrepancies appear between estimated wear depths. All models are actually dependent on experimental coefficients and it is likely that they were estimated in different conditions. On the other hand, a reasonable agreement can be found in some particular conditions. As an example, Zobory's, Enblom's and Jendel's models are very close to each other in severe wear conditions. This work shows that a general and reliable model could probably be developed from all positive aspects of the existing ones.