The need for building role models for motorcycle riders' education in the kingdom of Cambodia

In Cambodia, a rider's license is not required for motorcycles below 125?cc. and 73% of traffic accident fatalities among persons aged 15–19?years involve unlicensed riders. Motorcycle riding differs from automobile driving in that motorcycle riding reflects the rider's skill to a much greater degree, so unskilled riding is much more highly correlated with accidents. Going forward, in addition to gaining knowledge from traffic safety education, motorcycle riders should also learn basic specific motorcycle techniques. In particular, having riders learn and practice the three key tasks in motorcycle riding (breaking, leaning, and exiting) is effective at curbing the number of motorcycle accidents. In a new initiative aimed at improving riding skill, university students, instructors, and police officers were given practical riding instruction on a course using pylons. Program participants were able to learn riding techniques in an enjoyable setting, while seeing the potential for becoming motorcycle riding role models.     

Motorcycle fatalities in Malaysia

Malaysia has the highest road fatality risk (per 100,000 population) among the ASEAN countries and more than 50% of the road accident fatalities involve motorcyclists. This study has collected and analysed data from the police, government authorities, and national and international research institutes. Only fatality data are used due to the severe underreporting of severe injuries (up to 600%) and slight injuries (up to 1400%). The analysis reveals that the highest numbers of motorcycle fatalities occur in rural locations (61%), on primary roads (62%) and on straight road sections (66%). The majority are riders (89%), 16 to 20 years old (22.5%), and 90% of the motorcycles are privately owned. Of those involved in fatal accidents, 75% of the motorcyclists wear helmets, and 35% do not have proper licences. The highest number of fatalities by type of collision is ‘angular or side’ (27.5%). Although fatal motorcyclist crashes mostly involve ‘passenger cars’ (28%), motorcyclists are responsible for 50% of the collisions either by crashing singly (25%) or with other motorcyclists (25%). While male motorcyclists predominate (94% of fatalities), female motorcyclists aged 31 to 70, possessing ‘no licence’, not wearing helmets and travelling during the day, account for a higher percentage than male motorcyclists. Malaysia must acquire more motorcycle exposure data and establish an injury recording system and database based on hospital-records. To reduce motorcycle fatalities, it first has to understand why young male motorcyclists are prone to fatal crashes in the evenings and on weekends on rural primary roads, especially on straight road sections.     

Exclusive motorcycle lanes: A systematic review

Road accidents are the main leading cause of death, and more than half of people killed in road accidents are motorcyclists, pedestrians, and bicyclists. In developing countries, the share of motorcycles is very high in the traffic stream, which results in an increased number of accidents. Nonetheless, a high share of motorcycles and risky riding behavior of motorcyclists raise notable threats to other road users as well as themselves. Segregating motorcycles from the main traffic stream by providing an Exclusive MotorCycle Lane (EMCL) is reported as one of the strategies to improve motorcyclist's safety and overall road safety. Although EMCLs are successfully running in some Asian countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, and Indonesia, and have reported reducing motorcycle accidents, existing literature related to such lanes is limited and lacks combined contemplation of various design factors. Therefore, a systematic review of studies related to EMCL was carried out in the present paper using the PRISMA approach. The review was majorly divided into the following three categories viz., geometric design elements of EMCL, motorcyclist's flow characteristics on EMCL, and traffic control measures for EMCL to highlight the research lacunas in this field. The present study aims to cast light on the need for specific geometric design standards for EMCL and to assess the safety impact of segregating motorcyclists from other mixed traffic. The review highlights that the design standards for EMCL should be based on the motorcycle's characteristics, as it varies from other vehicle categories in terms of riding behavior and the physical properties of the motorcycle.     

摩托车碰撞模型的研究性评估和分析——ISO 13232标准应用研究

随着ISO13232-2005摩托车碰撞系列标准的发布,为评估摩托车产品影响人身和车辆安全考核提供了重要的参考依据。该标准不仅提高了摩托车产品对骑乘人员防护水平的认知,也促进了摩托车产品安全技术的不断提升。本文仅从摩托车碰撞实体模型建立方面,参考ISO13232-2005标准中碰撞试验模型及国际上部分关于摩托车公开碰撞的资料,结合实际检验工作需要,设定了可行性二轮摩托车碰撞模型。     

低能见度水平下行人交通事故严重程度及异质性分析

为探究在低能见度水平下影响行人事故伤害严重程度的因素, 并分析可能存在的异质性。以某市6 405起行人-机动车交通事故为研究对象, 分别研究高、低能见度水平下机动车-行人事故中行人伤害严重程度影响因素, 建立均值异质性的随机参数Logit模型并通过弹性分析定量分析显著变量对行人受伤情况的影响程度。结果表明, 高、低能见度下影响行人伤害严重程度的因素存在明显差异。(1)低能见度情况下男性驾驶员、高龄行人、卡车、沥青路面、凌晨、较暗的照明条件等因素会增加行人伤害严重程度。(2)低能见度情况下卡车和凌晨这2个因素具有随机参数特征, 分别使行人死亡的概率增加了4.39%和2.67%;此外, 当事故涉及卡车和26~35岁行人这2个因素时会增大行人死亡的概率; 而当夜间有路灯照明与凌晨这2个因素共同作用时行人死亡的可能性降低。(3)高能见度情况下未发现具有异质性的影响因素, 但发现男性行人和摩托车等因素会增大事故严重程度; 而驾驶员年龄、沥青路面、周末和地形等因素对事故严重程度并没有显著影响。      

Factors affecting severity of motorcycle accidents on Thailand's arterial roads: Multiple correspondence analysis and ordered logistics regression approaches

Thailand was classified as a middle-income country and ranked second highest in terms of road traffic fatality rate in the world in 2015. By 2018, this ranking went up to ninth in world which may be because of various earnest safety policies implementation, supporting road safety research and establishing a road safety directing center. However, crash fatality rate has considerably remained high until recent year, indicating a clear need for further related research. Considering severity of the crashes, the majority of fatal crashes involved the motorcycle road user. Therefore, motorcycle crashes are important issues and should be considered to mitigate fatality due to immoderate proportion of motorcycle road user and motorcyclist fatality. This study aims to identify factors that influence the severity of motorcycle accidents on Thailand's arterial roads by employing ordered logistic regression and multiple correspondence analysis. The results demonstrated that although both analyses were relatively different, they provided similar results. Age, road lanes, and helmet wearing were significant factors that influenced the severity of motorcycle accidents. The results could serve as reference for planning strategies or organizing campaigns to reduce and prevent death owing to road traffic accidents, which may enhance the overall image of road traffic safety in Thailand.     

Empirical analysis of hazard perception and driving behaviors among high school and college students on motorcycles in Phnom Penh,Cambodia

In Cambodia, motorcycle use has spread rapidly in recent years, and serious accidents involving motorcycles have increased. Motorcycle accidents involving young people are particularly common, and there are various issues concerning traffic safety. To understand the situation in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, we conducted a questionnaire survey on driving attitude and behavior of motorcycle users targeted at high school and college students and a video observation survey of motorcycle driving conditions. Based on the survey analysis results, we held a traffic safety workshop (WS) comprising practical skills and classroom learning centered on hazard anticipation. In this study, we conducted a statistical comparative analysis of driving behavior frequency on non-intersection intervals of arterial roads before and after the WS, based on observational results from video cameras mounted on motorcycles. The results showed that the WS effects were associated with a reduction in average travel speeds and changes in driving behavior, such as frequency of lane changing. Different responses to the WS were observed according to attributes, and thus, the relationship between the content of this kind of traffic safety WS and behavioral changes needs to be clarified and a more advanced traffic safety WS program developed.     

两轮摩托车制动性能问题分析

尽管摩托车制动性能标准GB20073--2006已实施3年多了,但还有相当一部分摩托车的制动性能达不到标准要求,特别是采用鼓式制功器的摩托车。目前,鼓式制动器摩托车占总量的70％以上,制动性能是摩托车行驶安全性的最重要指标,涉及到骑乘者和行人的安全,应引起业内人士的高度重视。通过对两轮摩托车制动系统测试和分析,找出了摩托车制动性能不能满足标准要求的原因,并提出了解决方法。     

Optimal control to modelling motorcycle rider steering: local versus global coordinate systems in rider preview

The response of a motorcycle is heavily dependent on the rider’s control actions, and consequently a means of replicating the rider’s behaviour provides an important extension to motorcycle dynamics. The primary objective here is to develop effective path-following simulations and to understand how riders control motorcycles. Optimal control theory is applied to the tracking of roadway by a motorcycle, using a non-linear motorcycle model operating in free control by steering torque input. A path-following controller with road preview is designed by minimising tracking errors and control effort. Tight controls with high weightings on performance and loose controls with high weightings on control power are defined. Special attention is paid to the modelling of multipoint preview in local and global coordinate systems. The controller model is simulated over a standard single lane-change manoeuvre. It is argued that the local coordinates point of view is more representative of the way that a human rider operates and interprets information. The simulations suggest that for accurate path following, using optimal control, the problem must be solved by the local coordinates approach in order to achieve accurate results with short preview horizons. Furthermore, some weaknesses of the optimal control approach are highlighted here.     

The effect of motorcycle safety campaign on helmet use: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveThis systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to estimate the effectiveness of motorcycle safety campaigns for increasing helmet use among motorcycle riders and passengers.MethodsPubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and the Web of Science (WOS) databases were systematically searched up June 2020 for all relevant studies. The National Institute of Health (NIH) tool was used to assess the quality of all included studies. Inter-study heterogeneity was measured using the Chi-Squared and I² statistics, with the odds ratio (OR) being used as a measure of the pooled effect size.ResultsOut of the 561 records identified from the literature searches, eight articles (or 11 studies) were eligible for inclusion in the present meta-analysis. Using a random effects model, the results of the meta-analysis demonstrated statistically significant increases in helmet use among motorcycle riders (OR = 4.52, 95% CI: 1.01–20.14, I² = 99.9%) and passengers (OR = 6.57, 95% CI: 1.41–30.56, I² = 99.9%). The findings of sensitivity analyses, based on alternative levels of r for imputing the standard error (SE) of the ORs, showed the pooled OR of helmet use among motorcycle riders (r = 0.7; 3.49; 95% CI: 0.78, 16.44; r = 0.9; 3.49; 95% CI: 0.76, 16.11) was sensitive to different levels of r. However, no significant effect was detected on the pooled effect size for different correlation coefficients for motorcycle passengers (r = 0.7; 6.56; 95% CI: 1.59, 27.00; r = 0.9; 6.56; 95% CI: 2.25, 19.13). Increases in helmet use among motorcycle passengers were found in studies that: monitored pre and post campaign periods for longer than one year and were conducted in Thailand or Vietnam. However, the effect of motorcycle safety campaigns on helmet use among motorcycle riders remained significant for all of the different strata included.ConclusionThe present meta-analysis found that motorcycle safety campaigns can lead to a significant increase in helmet use among both motorcycle riders and passengers. Due to the high degree of inter study heterogeneity, these findings should be interpreted with some caution. Despite the apparent favourable influence of motorcycle safety campaigns, more robust research is required.     

国外乡村公路交通事故主要致因综述

根据美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚等国关于乡村公路交通事故的数据和资料,以人的行为为重点,对乡村公路交通事故的致因进行归纳分析,主要有:第一,乡村公路上男性、年轻人、轻型货车乘员和后座乘员的安全带使用率较低;第二.乡村公路上男性和年轻人倾向于超速行驶,摩托车和小型车超速行驶的比例较高,在周末和夜间超速行驶的比例较高;第三,男性和年轻人是乡村公路上酒后驾驶的主要人群,周末和夜晚因酒后驾驶导致的交通事故较多;第四,乡村公路交通事故中男性疲劳驾驶的比例低于女性,年轻人疲劳驾驶的比例仍较高,周末、夜间和下午的因疲劳驾驶导致的交通事故较多;第五,65岁以上的老年驾驶员容易在乡村公路上发生由于未按规定让行和不遵守交通信号指挥而造成的交通事故;第六,导致乡村公路交通事故的道路环境因素主要有道路环境突变、车道狭窄、弯道半径过小、安全视距不够等;第七,乡村公路的交通事故救援响应慢、质量低、效果差.     

Traffic conflict assessment for non-lane-based movements of motorcycles under congested conditions

Traffic conflict under congested conditions is one of the main safety issues of motorcycle traffic in developing countries. Unlike cars, motorcycles often display non-lane-based movements such as swerving or oblique following of a lead vehicle when traffic becomes congested. Very few studies have quantitatively evaluated the effects of such non-lane-based movements on traffic conflict. Therefore, in this study we aim to develop an integrated model to assess the traffic conflict of motorcycles under congested conditions. The proposed model includes a concept of safety space to describe the non-lane-based movements unique to motorcycles, new features developed for traffic conflict assessment such as parameters of acceleration and deceleration, and the conditions for choosing a lead vehicle. Calibration data were extracted from video clips taken at two road segments in Ho Chi Minh City. A simulation based on the model was developed to verify the dynamic non-lane-based movements of motorcycles. Subsequently, the assessment of traffic conflict was validated by calculating the probability of sudden braking at each time interval according to the change in the density of motorcycle flow. Our findings underscore the fact that higher flow density may lead to conflicts associated with a greater probability of sudden breaking. Three types of motorcycle traffic conflicts were confirmed, and the proportions of each type were calculated and discussed.     

Effectiveness evaluation on cross-sector collaborative education programs for traffic safety toward sustainable motorcycle culture in Vietnam

Motorcycle injuries have caused serious implications for public health and national economies in many ASEAN countries. Drivers' lack of road safety awareness and low level of voluntary compliance hinder the promotion of traffic safety. Against this background, the Vietnamese government cooperated with motorcycle manufacturers in a wide range of educational activities. This study evaluates the effectiveness of cross-sector collaborative education programs implemented in Vietnam through a series of statistical analyses. Utilizing a sample of 600 respondents, we focus on the educational effects on riders' attitudes, behaviors, accident prevention, and riders' psychological changes after participating in safety activities. The results show that the effectiveness of rider training differed depending on riders' experience. Motorcyclists' improvement in risk awareness mainly results from the enhancement of safety awareness. The structural model revealed that safety activities have positive effects on motorcyclists' riding confidence, safety awareness, joy and comfort while riding, independence and freedom in daily life, and perspective-taking abilities. Altruistic motivation is suggested as the key factor to encourage motorcyclists' safe riding, highlighting the importance of building up traffic moral and expanding traffic safety culture across the country. With an attempt to find out the insufficient and missing content from the present training programs, this study seeks to inform policy decisions on accident prevention as well as promote motorcyclists' well-being based on the sustainable motorcycle culture in ASEAN countries.     

Traffic problems in Southeast Asia featuring the case of Cambodia's traffic accidents involving motorcycles

This article provides the background to the special issue by reviewing the status of traffic problems in South East Asian countries, and in particular, the case of Cambodia. The “Make Roads Safe” report by the Commission for Global Road Safety (2011) confirms traffic accidents as the primary cause of youth mortality worldwide. Thus, the United Nations declared the decade from 2011 to 2020 as the “UN Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020”, promoting road safety and to reduce the number of deaths in road accidents by 2020. Furthermore, the “Sustainable Development Goals” adopted in 2015 highlight the important role of sustainable transport in tackling the exclusion of vulnerable groups. On the other hand, the World Health Organization in 2015 indicate an increase in the death rate due to traffic accidents in low-income countries since 2000. Traffic accidents were already recognized as a social problem before the 2000s in countries such as Thailand and the Philippines. At the same time, other ASEAN member states such as Vietnam and Cambodia which have experienced rapid economic growth since the 2000s are now experiencing the seriousness of traffic problems. It is said that 70% of road accidents in Thailand, Cambodia and Laos involve motorcycles and three-wheelers, but despite this situation, the regulatory framework for motorcycles remains undeveloped. In the case of Cambodia, speeding by young people remains the major cause of road deaths and this can be explained by the fact that people can now travel at a higher speed because of road developments but remaining challenges related to underdeveloped traffic legislation, and limited public awareness and knowledge of road safety are overlooked. In 2010, the Cambodian National Road Safety Action Plan 2010–2020 was drafted, aiming to halve the number of deaths in traffic accidents in 2020. However, in reality, the number of road deaths did not decrease to the level anticipated in the action plan until 2016. In this article, the authors emphasize the importance of implementing the “three Es” namely Engineering, Enforcement and Education in developing countries such as Cambodia. In particular, the authors claim that the role of education to increase people's road safety awareness is neglected compared to the other two dimensions and thus, it is highly important to raise people's road safety awareness through education among the young people.     

The development of safe riding guidelines for young riders – A case study of Phu Yen,Vietnam

Phu Yen is a small province located in the central part of Vietnam and is suffering from a tremendous number of traffic casualties, compared with other cities in Vietnam and developed countries. Young riders take a large proportion, accounting for 47.6% in total traffic crashes. To resolve this issue, the present study aims to (i) analyze young riders' behavior and their attitudes towards traffic safety and to (ii) propose a procedure to develop a book of safe riding guidelines to reduce their involvement in dangerous situations. A set of 73 questions in the questionnaire survey have been conducted to determine the risk-taking behavior and attitude towards traffic safety of 300 individuals, who are using bicycles, e-bikes, mopeds, scooters, and motorcycles less than 150 cc. The statistical results indicate that there are significant differences among riding behavior and attitudes of respondents towards traffic safety regarding the regional factor (rural, suburb, and urban), the demographic factor (gender and age), and the travel distance factor. The guidelines designed based on the questionnaire survey are used to alter adolescents' riding behavior and attitudes and so help them recognize, avoid, and handle risks in demanding traffic situations. An analysis of the before and after the traffic safety training workshop to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed guidelines indicated that there was a significant increment in the perceived risks of young riders after training them by using this book.     

Real-time vision-based blind spot warning system: Experiments with motorcycles in daytime/nighttime conditions

This paper describes a real-time vision-based blind spot warning system that has been specially designed for motorcycles detection in both daytime and nighttime conditions. Motorcycles are fast moving and small vehicles that frequently remain unseen to other drivers, mainly in the blind-spot area. In fact, although in recent years the number of fatal accidents has decreased overall, motorcycle accidents have increased by 20%. The risks are primarily linked to the inner characteristics of this mode of travel: motorcycles are fast moving vehicles, light, unstable and fragile. These features make the motorcycle detection problem a difficult but challenging task to be solved from the computer vision point of view. In this paper we present a daytime and nighttime vision-based motorcycle and car detection system in the blind spot area using a single camera installed on the side mirror. On the one hand, daytime vehicle detection is carried out using optical flow features and Support Vector Machine-based (SVM) classification. On the other hand, nighttime vehicle detection is based on head lights detection. The proposed system warns the driver about the presence of vehicles in the blind area, including information about the position and the type of vehicle. Extensive experiments have been carried out in 172 minutes of sequences recorded in real traffic scenarios in both daytime and nighttime conditions, in the context of the Valencia MotoGP Grand Prix 2009.     

对摩托车车架焊接变形的研究

摩托车车架大多采用复杂管和板式焊接结构,车架焊接后往往会出现焊接变形、内部产生焊接应力等,不但直接影响整车装配及整车性能,还会降低车架结构的承载能力,降低焊接接头和车架的疲劳强度而引发事故。如何保证摩托车车架的结构尺寸、形状精度及强度是车架生产中最大的问题,尤其是在大排量摩托车开发设计中尤为重要。只有对焊接进行全过程控制,采取有效的设计和工艺措施控制焊接变形,并对超出公差要求的焊接变形进行矫正,才能达到和保证车架尺寸精度和装配要求。     

Determinants of certified motorcycle helmet use among postal delivery riders at rural areas in Peninsular Malaysia

This study aims to identify the determinants of certified helmet use among postal delivery riders (PDRs) in rural areas of Peninsular Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was done among 269 PDRs from 50 postal distribution centres (DC) nationwide. Data collection was achieved through observation of the helmets and a questionnaire. The quality of the motorcycle helmets was determined by the presence of the certification label issued by the Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM). The response rate was 99.3%. The odds of full-shell helmets having the SIRIM label were 37.1 times more than that of the half-shell helmets. The odds of non-purchased helmets having the SIRIM label were 14.9 times more than that of the purchased helmets. The odds of expensive helmets having the SIRIM label were 4.4 times more than that for cheaper motorcycle helmets. The odds of helmets owned by riders without a previous crash history having the SIRIM label were 1.9 times more than helmets owned by riders with a crash history. Full-shell helmets with SIRIM standard certification, non-purchased helmets, helmet price of US$11.00 or more, and motorcycle riders without any previous crash history were determinants that contributed towards the use of a certified motorcycle helmet. Multiple logistic regression indicated that two variables significantly predicted the use of a certified motorcycle helmet among PDRs – helmet type and cost. An employer that provides the employees with full-shell motorcycle helmets with SIRIM standard certification label that costs at least US$11.00 and hiring motorcycle riders without any previous crash history gives a higher chance of compliance with standard certified motorcycle helmet usage.     

基于GPS和GPRS的摩托车道路试验监控系统研究

基于GPS和GPRS技术实现的摩托车道路试验监控系统,综合运用了地理信息系统、网络技术及多媒体技术等,可用来指导驾驶员按照一定要求开展试验,同时采集试验中摩托车的各种状态参数,对试验进行调度和监控,具有传输距离长、传输速度快等优点,不受试验场地限制,经试验验证,系统稳定可靠,可以满足摩托车道路试验需求。     

基于物联网技术多功能行车记录仪应用研究

目前电动摩托车在使用时缺少安全记录仪,这就导致一旦电动摩托车出现意外情况很难对责任进行判定,并且一旦出现电动摩托车被偷盗的情况,也很难对电动摩托车进行追回,不利于电动摩托车的使用,这是现有技术电动摩托车使用的不足之处.基于以上的原因,本设计一款基于物联网技术的多功能行车记录仪,可以解决现有高速电动摩托车多功能联网安全记...