均质压燃排放实验研究

更为严格的排放法规,是对国内外发动机设计与改造的巨大挑战。均质压燃(HCCI)作为一种新型燃烧模式,为低排放发动机提供了发展方向,也为内燃机设计提供了广阔视野。本文通过传统柴油机上的HCCI实验,验证了正庚烷的两阶段放热,并研究了进气温度和过量空气系数对HCCI排放的影响。     

通过控制过量空气系数提高注汽锅炉热效率

通过理论分析及现场测试 ,分析了过量空气系数对注汽锅炉热效率的影响 ,得出了在注汽锅炉实际运行中应加强对过量空气系数的监控 ,使过量空气系数降低 ,从而提高注汽锅炉热效率的结论     

过量空气系数与汽车排放物之间的灰色关联度分析

汽车排放污染物是发动机混合气燃烧反应的产物,影响汽车排放的因素也比较复杂,本文选用定转速和定负荷两种情形分别计算并分析过量空气系数对汽车排放污染物的影响,并应用灰色理论计算出汽车排放污染物各成分浓度与过量空气系数间的关联度。通过对计算结果作的相应的分析,为综合分析汽车排放污染物各成分间的关系提出了新的方法。     

渗流对铁路隧道内空气温度的影响

由于列车散热使得铁路隧道内空气温度升高,隧道热环境的恶化对列车安全运行及隧道内设备的可靠性带来一定的影响,隧道内热环境的模拟研究对铁路发展具有重要意义。文章通过建立隧道内空气温度非稳态模拟计算模型进行分析,重点考虑了隧道围岩内渗流对空气温度的影响;采用有限体积法对方程进行离散,用Matlab工具编写隧道内空气温度模拟计算程序;分别在不同的渗流作用系数下,对单线铁路隧道内空气温度进行模拟计算。分析得出,渗流对隧道内空气温度具有较大的影响,在隧道内热环境模拟中,特别是对于中长期模拟计算中不能忽略渗流的影响作用。     

异形孔水包爆破数值模拟及现场试验北大核心CSCD

为了提高隧道光面爆破效果,提出异形孔水包爆破技术。以径向不耦合装药和间隔装药的岩石损伤、径向和轴向的爆破效率、径向孔壁压力和现场周边孔炮痕率、岩石破碎情况、隧道超欠挖情况为依据,分析其爆破效果。结果表明:(1)径向不耦合系数的改变对轴、径向爆破效果有影响,间隔装药系数的改变仅对轴向和孔间爆破效果有影响;(2)当K_(d)=1.25时,岩石破坏区集中发生在炸药孔间内,岩石轴向破坏区较小,当K_(d)=1.75时,过量水包出现耗能现象,岩石破坏区较小;(3)异形孔水包爆破技术能产生光滑的隧道开挖轮廓线,渣石更破碎,K_(r)=1.5和K_(d)=1.5为其最优装药系数。     

高地温作用下全长粘结式锚杆的荷载传递分析

为探究高地温对全长粘结式锚杆锚固的影响,借鉴前人推导所得全长粘结式锚杆应力分布的函数,引入锚固系统中材料参数的热变方程,建立全长粘结式锚杆弹性阶段含温度参数的力学模型。通过算例,总结出3种温度下(50℃、100℃、150℃)力学模型随温度变化的规律,并通过室内拉拔试验验证了温度对全长粘结式锚杆粘结性能的影响。结果表明:(1)温度升高,锚杆同一锚固点的轴力变大,轴力极大衰减段向内移动,峰值剪应力均减小,剪应力峰值点内移;(2)温度升高,模型1锚杆有效锚固长度从1.8 m扩大到2.8 m,峰值剪应力分别较50℃下降21%和34%,剪应力峰值点从0.44 m内移至0.79 m;(3)温度升高,全长粘结式锚杆峰值剪应力减小,锚杆荷载传递长度增加,传递效率降低。     

饱和Q2黄土地层引水隧洞衬砌外水压力折减系数研究

外水压力折减系数取值对水工隧洞衬砌结构的设计影响较大。以某引水隧洞穿越Q₂黄土地层工程为背景，通过室内试验和原位抽水试验，研究了原状及重塑Q₂黄土的饱和渗透特性；并通过模型试验和FLAC 3D程序的流-固耦合分析原理，对比研究了不同地层条件、限量排放率、隧道尺寸、地下水位高度、地层注浆圈厚度等5种因素下，衬砌上的外水压力折减系数变化规律。结果表明：隧洞限量排放率和注浆加固圈厚度的增大会明显降低衬砌外水压力折减系数；地层渗透系数的增大，会引起外水压力折减系数呈对数函数增大趋势；随着隧洞等效半径的增大，外水压力折减系数先减小后增大，而地下水位高度对外水压力折减系数影响可忽略不计。对本工程而言，外水压力折减系数建议取值为0.57～0.71。     

内压对管道系统柔性分析的影响

针对在进行管道应力分析时忽略内压对管道系统柔性的影响,文中对承受内压的管道的轴向伸长进行了推导分析,并结合ASME B31规范说明内压对弯管柔性系数和应力增大系数的影响。结果表明:内压对管道轴向伸长的影响较大,对于壁厚一致的弯管,内压使弯管趋于张开;随着管径的增大和采用高强度钢,内压对弯管柔性系数和应力增大系数的影响增强。对于温度变化范围小的大直径、高强度管道(如长输管道),应考虑内压的影响。对于是否考虑内压对弯管柔性系数和应力增大系数的折减作用,应结合具体的操作工况确定。     

冻融软土孔隙结构及分形特征的影响因素研究

文章通过核磁共振(NMR)试验,研究了冻结时间、冻融压力和冻结温度对土壤微孔隙结构和分形特征的影响。结果表明：孔隙结构较大的土体组装体趋向于具有强分形特征的骨架孔隙结构;冻结时间越短,冻结作用造成的损害越小;隧道软土的粘聚力和内摩擦角均随初始含水率的升高呈上升趋势,其临界峰值点位于最佳含水率15%附近,因此建议实际施工时,控制冻融软土含水率为15%。     

水平管段塞流液塞持液率试验研究与预测模型对比

在内径50 mm、长27.3 m的水平管上利用空气-水作试验介质对段塞流的压力和液塞持液率进行了试验研究。采用压力传感器测量压力变化,采用平行电导探针测量液塞持液率变化。通过试验发现：液塞通过测量点时持液率的变化比压力变化迅速,持液率能更真实地反映段塞流动特性,可以用持液率的波动情况来确定液塞频率。将液塞持液率模型预测值与试验值进行了比较,结果表明,水平管大多数试验工况下的Zhang H Q模型预测值与试验值吻合最好。     

Effect on direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine characteristics fuelled by pine oil,ceiba pentandra methyl ester compared with diesel

This paper explores the experimental investigation of the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of bio fuels from ceiba pentandra methyl ester (CPME), ceiba pentandra methyl ester-pine oil blends (CPMEP) and pine oil and the results are compared with diesel. In ceiba pentandra seed oil the CPME yield is 92% by using transesterification process with the optimum conditions of 560 rpm, reaction time 58 min, catalyst concentration 13 g and methanol amount 500 ml. The viscosity of CPME is high when compare with diesel. So the low viscosity of pine oil is blended with CPME and it can be directly used in diesel engine without any modification. At different loads the Pine oil, CPME and CPMEP blends were used in direct injection naturally aspirated compression ignition engine. The outcomes exhibited that at full load conditions for CPME and CPMEP blends increased brake specific fuel consumption, and decreased brake thermal efficiency, CO, HC emissions. NOx emissions decreased and smoke emissions are increased on CPME and CPMEP blends, expect B25 blend compared with diesel. The combustion analysis like the heat release rate, peak cylinder pressure, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay for CPME, CPMEP blends slightly lower and combustion duration higher than diesel and pine oil. At the Same engine operating condition, the engine fuelled with pine oil the values of brake thermal efficiency 4.79%, peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and ignition delay are increased. Brake specific fuel consumption, CO, HC, and smoke were 9.46%, 16.66%, 14.89% and 8.33% decreased. However, the NOx emission is 8.29% higher than that of diesel. Experimental fuels up to B50 (50% pine oil and 50% CPME) blends have proved good potential for future energy is needed.     

Emissions of NOX and particles from manoeuvring ships

Ship exhausts contain high levels of particles and nitrogen oxides due to the heavy fuel oil normally used for combustion and the combustion characteristics of most ship engines. The quantification of exhaust gases during ships’ manoeuvring has not received a lot of attention. This work presents results from emission measurements for the main engines onboard two ships and characterises quantities and potential impacts of emissions from manoeuvring. The observed nitrogen oxides levels vary throughout the manoeuvring period but at lower levels than at cruising speed. With a selective catalytic reduction system in operation, however, the situation is reversed. Elevated levels of particle emissions, measured as number concentrations, are detected throughout the manoeuvring. There are also peak concentrations of particles, at both the start-up and the shut-down of the engines. The increase is big enough to suspect a notable impact on air quality in port cities over the short period that manoeuvring at reduced speeds takes place.     

炉渣沥青混合料配合比设计及其性能研究

生活垃圾焚烧炉渣与沥青混合料用的天然集料有相似的特征,在道路工程中的应用有广阔的前景。炉渣在沥青混合料的成熟应用将有效解决垃圾再利用问题。但目前关于炉渣在沥青混合料中的适用性研究仍在起步阶段,因此有必要进行炉渣沥青混合料的配合比设计研究,探究不同掺量的炉渣对沥青用量及混合料性能的影响。本文通过马歇尔设计试验、冻融劈裂试验、车辙试验和低温弯曲试验,分析不同炉渣替换比例对沥青混合料的最佳油石比、水稳定性、高温稳定性和低温抗裂性的影响。试验结果表明,最佳油石比随着炉渣替换比例的增加而增加,沥青混合料的毛体积密度和稳定度呈下降趋势,矿料间隙率和空隙率呈先减小后增加的趋势,而炉渣对沥青混合料流值的影响不大;添加适当的炉渣能够有效提高沥青混合料的水稳定性,当炉渣替换量为10%时,水稳定性的提升效果最佳;炉渣会降低沥青混合料的高温稳定性,对沥青混合料的低温抗裂性影响不大;为保证沥青混合料具有良好的路用性能,炉渣的替换比例不应超过15%。     

Property Evolution of Sulphoaluminate Grouting Material under Pressure Circulation北大核心CSCD

Water-sealed underground oil tank projects are quite different from traditional underground projects since the water-sealing conditions are very strict and the difficulties caused by the geological specificity, structural specificity and construction specificity are key factors affecting the project. In light of the significant early initial setting time and rapid temperature increase of sulphoaluminate cement-based grouting material for a large domestic water-sealed underground oil tank with pressurized cyclic grouting, a laboratory grouting simulation is conducted. It is found that the properties of the sulphoaluminate cement-based grouting material are quite different under different pressure cycles, the hydration exothermic peak time gets shorter with an increase of circulation time, the compressive strength decreases with an increase of circulation time, and the longer the circulation time the more obvious the de-crease of compressive strength. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

Property Evolution of Sulphoaluminate Grouting Material under Pressure Circulation北大核心CSCD

Water-sealed underground oil tank projects are quite different from traditional underground projects since the water-sealing conditions are very strict and the difficulties caused by the geological specificity, structural specificity and construction specificity are key factors affecting the project. In light of the significant early initial setting time and rapid temperature increase of sulphoaluminate cement-based grouting material for a large domestic water-sealed underground oil tank with pressurized cyclic grouting, a laboratory grouting simulation is conducted. It is found that the properties of the sulphoaluminate cement-based grouting material are quite different under different pressure cycles, the hydration exothermic peak time gets shorter with an increase of circulation time, the compressive strength decreases with an increase of circulation time, and the longer the circulation time the more obvious the de-crease of compressive strength. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

Estimating time dependent O‐D trip tables during peak periods

Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have been used to alleviate congestion problems arising due to demand during peak periods. The success of ITS strategies relies heavily on two factors: 1) the ability to accurately estimate the temporal and spatial distribution of travel demand on the transportation network during peak periods, and, 2) providing real‐time route guidance to users. This paper addresses the first factor. A model to estimate time dependent origin‐destination (O‐D) trip tables in urban areas during peak periods is proposed. The daily peak travel period is divided into several time slices to facilitate simulation and modeling. In urban areas, a majority of the trips during peak periods are work trips. For illustration purposes, only peak period work trips are considered in this paper. The proposed methodology is based on the arrival pattern of trips at a traffic analysis zone (TAZ) and the distribution of their travel times. The travel time matrix for the peak period, the O‐D trip table for the peak period, and the number of trips expected to arrive at each TAZ at different work start times are inputs to the model. The model outputs are O‐D trip tables for each time slice in the peak period. 1995 data for the Las Vegas metropolitan area are considered for testing and validating the model, and its application. The model is reasonably robust, but some lack of precision was observed. This is due to two possible reasons: 1) rounding‐off, and, 2) low ratio of total number of trips to total number of O‐D pair combinations. Hence, an attempt is made to study the effect of increasing this ratio on error estimates. The ratio is increased by multiplying each O‐D pair trip element with a scaling factor. Better estimates were obtained. Computational issues involved with the simulation and modeling process are discussed.     

透平机械工艺管道的设计

根据透平机械的设计规范要求,设备法兰口所允许荷载的许用范围较为苛刻,对管路设计提出了较高的要求。并且由于透平机械工作状态下温度、压力等条件的限制,某些情况下无法使用柔性补偿装置。因此,文中探讨了利用增设限位架的措施来减小管道对透平机械法兰口作用力的方法。该措施主要通过在适当位置增设限位架,使管系的热膨胀与机组法兰口处热膨胀方向、大小保持一致,从而起到减小管道作用力的效果。通过理论计算验证了该措施的有效性和可行性。     

沥青路面抗滑性能影响因素识别研究进展

沥青路面作为公路建设的重要内容,其抗滑性能是道路安全问题的核心,探究其影响因素可以为提高路面抗滑性能提供依据。国内外学者对此做了大量研究,也取得了相应的进展。本文对国内外的研究成果进行了系统的归纳总结,将公路沥青路面抗滑性能影响因素分为了沥青混合料的材料特性、环境因素、车辆特性3个主要方面,其中在沥青混合料的材料特性方面,研究认为集料的结构特性与混合料配合比对抗滑性的影响较大;环境因素方面,研究认为温度对于抗滑性的影响较大;车辆特性对抗滑性的影响方面,研究认为主要体现在轮胎特性与荷载方面。此外随着行车速度的增加,路面的抗滑性能呈现降低趋势。     

内流对洪水冲击下管跨临界长度影响研究

为了研究洪水冲击管道时形成的管跨临界长度,分别介绍了洪水作用下管道的动力特性以及内流对管道特性的影响。针对管内流动与管外洪水冲击对于管道的作用,建立了内流、外流共同作用下的管道动力控制方程。结果表明:对于洪水冲击管道的问题,不应仅考虑洪水的作用,也应该考虑内流对于管道的作用;内流流速增大、压强增大、密度减小都将缩短临界长度。考虑内流的管跨临界长度,对设计及现场抢维修都具有借鉴作用。     

模型环道蜡沉积装置测试段流场温度场数值模拟

对模型环道蜡沉积装置测试段流场温度场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明 :因为测试段管外壁冷却水的作用 ,近壁处油温会下降 ,越靠近管壁 ,温度下降越多 ;测试段流场发生了畸变 ,近壁处流速减小 ,管中心附近流速增大 ;近壁处油温下降及流场畸变造成管段压降增加。