燃料电池汽车线控串行复合制动系统的开发

开发了具备机械备份的线控液压制动阀并对其控制性能进行了试验和分析.以线控制动系统为基础,建立了燃料电池汽车线控串行复合制动系统,并设计了与之相适应的电液复合制动控制算法.对串行复合制动过程进行了硬件在环仿真.结果表明,该系统实现了电机再生制动与液压摩擦制动的串行施加,有效提高了制动能量回收率.     

电液复合制动系统轮缸压力开环控制

基于采用一体式制动主缸总成的电动汽车电液复合制动系统的结构和工作原理,在AMESim/Matlab联合仿真平台上搭建液压制动系统模型。通过对液压制动力调节特性的理论分析提出数表插值算法,并通过仿真试验分析轮缸制动间隙对压力调节的影响,运用分段控制的方式,用阶梯法对数表插值算法进行改进,在不大于3个电磁阀开关周期的调节时间中将压力调节精度控制在0.5 MPa内,实现了精细快速的调节目标。     

基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法

智能电动汽车的发展对制动系统的主动制动和再生制动能力提出了更高的要求。配备真空助力器的传统制动系统难以满足智能电动汽车的需求，因此逐渐被线控制动系统所取代。为提高线控制动系统的集成度与解耦能力，提出了一种新型集成式电液制动系统（Integrated Braking Control System，IBC），能够实现主动制动、再生制动、失效备份等功能。作为机-电-液耦合的高集成度系统，IBC具有复杂的非线性特性和动态摩擦特性，对制动系统压力的精确控制提出了挑战。为了提高IBC制动压力动态控制精度，提出了一种基于集成式电液制动系统的主动制动压力精确控制方法。首先，介绍了IBC的结构原理和控制架构。随后针对液压系统的迟滞特性和传动机构的摩擦特性进行建模与测试。然后基于系统的强非线性特性，提出了主动制动三层闭环级联控制器，其中压力控制层采用液压特性前馈与变增益反馈结合的控制策略，伺服层控制器设计考虑了机构惯性补偿与摩擦补偿，电机控制层采用矢量控制并进行了电压前馈解耦。最后，基于dSPACE设备搭建了硬件在环（Hardware-in-the-loop，HiL）试验台对主动压力控制方法进行验证。结果表明：所提出的压力控制方法能控制制动系统压力快速精确跟随期望压力，使动态压力跟随误差控制在0.4 MPa之内，稳态压力误差控制在0.1 MPa之内。     

电动汽车电液并行制动系统研究

在对传统汽车液压制动系统进行适当改造的基础上,提出了一种适合于电动汽车使用的电液并行制动系统结构,并设计了相应的并行制动力分配方案.鉴于施加再生制动力引起制动稳定性的变化,通过整车的仿真分析,提出了系统改进的技术方案.最后用台架试验对系统的可行性和有效性进行验证.     

基于可调储液缸的再生制动电液分配控制策略

为满足低成本小型电动车的再生制动需求，本文提出了一种在传统真空助力制动系统的基础上增设一套活塞式可调储液缸的再生制动系统，并设计相应的电液分配控制策略。首先再生制动电液分配策略根据辨识的制动意图和再生制动力约束对再生制动力进行合理分配；其次设计踏板解耦决策策略，确定了可调储液缸不同的工作阶段和对应的目标活塞位移；最后采用双闭环可调储液缸控制策略完成精确的主动储液控制。基于dSPCAE搭建了实车试验平台进行算法测试，结果表明，设计的电液分配控制策略能保证该制动系统在0.15g以下的减速度范围内实现良好的再生制动电液协同控制效果。     

The Development of Dynamic Test Bench for EV Hybrid Brake System

研发了一种装备液压制动与电机制动执行机构、并能实时模拟路面制动力动态变化的动态试验台.该试验台基于硬件在环试验原理,引入了液压制动器子系统、电机子系统和转速与压力传感器等实际部件,并综合考虑了制动过程中车轮、液压制动系统和电机制动系统相互作用的动态响应特性,同时基于MABLAB/Simulink环境开发的试验台控制系统能满足各种控制策略的验证需求.最后进行了试验台关键参数的测定和电动汽车电液复合制动的滑移率协调控制试验,验证了试验台的有效性和优势.     

汽车防抱制动计算机控制仿真系统的研究

介绍了防抱制动计算机控制仿真系统的设计，从硬件、软件和电液控制方面对系统的构成及设计作了详细的描述。该计算机控制仿真系统除可对车轮制动过程进行实时测控、采样数据进行分析处理和结果显示外，特别是可方便地改变防抱制动系统的控制方法，以分析比较不同控制方法防抱制动系统的控制效能，为实际ABS的设计提供依据。文中给出了应用实例。     

明日汽车科技(四)

电液制动 电液制动是一种电子伺服制动概念,即用线束来替换传统的在制动踏板与制动器之间的机械连接。 传统的制动系统,通过踩下制动踏板来激活,而电液制动则由执行单元来取代传统结构。执行单元由用来测量驾驶员踩下踏板的速度及力度的传感器组成。执行单元的信号通过线束     

车辆机-电复合制动系统

新能源汽车由于引入电机作为主驱动单元，在车辆制动过程中可以实现机-电复合制动。从机-电复合制动发展现状、关键技术及研究热点、未来研究方向等方面对复合制动系统的未来发展方向展开讨论。     

电动汽车机电复合制动力分配策略

对某电动汽车机电复合制动系统进行了研究,制定了电动汽车机电复合制动系统的结构方案。依据ECE-R13法规与最大电机制动力限制,确定机电解耦门限值,对小强度制动、中强度制动及紧急制动3种不同工况分别制定了不同的再生制动与液压制动控制策略,并进行仿真与试验验证。结果表明,在小强度制动时电机可满足驾驶员的需求制动力,并且能量回收率能够达到25%;在中强度制动时电机以最大制动力进行制动并且在最大回收能量的同时能够使该系统满足制动性能,能量回收率能够达到74%;在紧急制动时为了制动安全应迅速将电机制动力撤出。该复合制动系统能够有效地吸收再生制动能量,同时也能满足车辆的制动性能。     

电动汽车真空助力制动系统的计算研究

分析了电动汽车安装电动真空助力制动系统的必要性。对真空助力制动系统的性能进行了分析计算,设计了电动真空泵最小真空度的计算流程。以改装的某型电-电混合动力轻型客车为例,给出了完整的制动系统的计算参数。计算结果表明,当电动真空泵最小真空度为37.5 kPa时,可为制动系统提供满足设计要求的制动助力。整车初步试验表明,所匹配的电动真空泵参数合理。     

电动汽车真空助力制动系统的匹配计算与研究

以某微型汽车为例,建立了其真空助力制动系统的数学模型,对燃油汽车改装为电动汽车后的制动系统真空助力匹配进行了计算分析,从而为电动汽车真空助力系统中真空罐、真空助力器、真空泵的选型和匹配提供了理论依据.通过试验验证可知,本文的真空罐及真空泵阀值选择合理,电动真空泵工作时间为4～6 s.     

增程/插电式电动商用车制动能量回收分析

以一款增程/插电式电动商用车为研究对象,对制动系统结构进行分析。以并联式气电复合制动为例,在中国典型城市工况下对该电动商用车的制动过程进行了仿真,为制动能量回收的进一步优化提高了参考。     

Extended-Kalman-filter-based regenerative and friction blended braking control for electric vehicle equipped with axle motor considering damping and elastic properties of electric powertrain

Because of the damping and elastic properties of an electrified powertrain, the regenerative brake of an electric vehicle (EV) is very different from a conventional friction brake with respect to the system dynamics. The flexibility of an electric drivetrain would have a negative effect on the blended brake control performance. In this study, models of the powertrain system of an electric car equipped with an axle motor are developed. Based on these models, the transfer characteristics of the motor torque in the driveline and its effect on blended braking control performance are analysed. To further enhance a vehicle's brake performance and energy efficiency, blended braking control algorithms with compensation for the powertrain flexibility are proposed using an extended Kalman filter. These algorithms are simulated under normal deceleration braking. The results show that the brake performance and blended braking control accuracy of the vehicle are significantly enhanced by the newly proposed algorithms.     

Cooperative control of the motor and the electric booster brake to improve the stability of an in-wheel electric vehicle

A cooperative control algorithm for an in-wheel motor and an electric booster brake is proposed to improve the stability of an in-wheel electric vehicle. The in-wheel system was modeled by dividing it into motor and mechanical parts, and the electric booster brake was modeled through tests. In addition, the response characteristics of the in-wheel system and the electric booster brake were compared through a frequency response analysis. In the cooperative control, the road friction coefficient was estimated using the wheel speed, motor torque, and braking torque of each wheel, and the torque limit of the wheel to the road was determined using the estimated road friction coefficient. Based on the estimated road friction coefficient and torque limit, a cooperative algorithm to control the motor and the electric booster brake was proposed to improve the stability of the in-wheel electric vehicle. The performance of the proposed cooperative control algorithm was evaluated through a hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS). Furthermore, to verify the performance of the proposed cooperative control algorithm, a test environment was constructed for the anti-lock braking system (ABS) hydraulic module hardware, and the performance of the cooperative control algorithm was compared with that of the ABS by means of a HILS test.     

Improvement of drivability and fuel economy with a hybrid antiskid braking system in hybrid electric vehicles

When braking on wet roads, Antilock Braking System (ABS) control can be triggered because the available brake torque is not sufficient. When the ABS system is active, for a hybrid electric vehicle, the regenerative brake is switched off to safeguard the normal ABS function. When the ABS control is terminated, it would be favorable to reactivate the regenerative brake. However, recurring cycles from ABS to motor regenerative braking could occur. This condition is felt to be unpleasant by the driver and has adverse effects on driving stability. In this paper, a novel hybrid antiskid braking system using fuzzy logic is proposed for a hybrid electric vehicle that has a regenerative braking system operatively connected to an electric traction motor and a separate hydraulic braking system. This control strategy and the method for coordination between regenerative and hydraulic braking are developed. The motor regenerative braking controller is designed. Control of regenerative and hydraulic braking force distribution is investigated. The simulation and experimental results show that vehicle braking performance and fuel economy can be improved and the proposed control strategy and method are effective and robust.     

电动汽车制动过程受力分析及制动能量回收策略研究

随着汽车工业的快速发展和人民生活质量的不断提高,汽车保有量持续增涨。有关研究表明,在存在较频繁的制动与起动的城市工况运行条件下,有效地回收制动能量,可使电动汽车行驶距离延长10%-30%。目前,随着电动汽车逐渐进人市场,如何高效率地回收和利用再生能量成为电动汽车技术研究的主要问题,本文对电动汽车制动过程进行受力分析和如何进行再生制动能量回收进行了探讨和研究.     

电动汽车制动过程受力分析及制动能量回收策略研究

随着电动汽车逐渐进人市场,如何高效率地回收和利用再生能量成为电动汽车技术研究的主要问题.文章对电动汽车制动过程进行受力分析,并对如何进行再生制动能量回收进行了探讨和研究.     

Cooperative regenerative braking control for front-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle based on adaptive regenerative brake torque optimization using under-steer index

In this study, cooperative regenerative braking control of front-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle is proposed to recover optimal braking energy while guaranteeing the vehicle lateral stability. In front-wheel-drive hybrid electric vehicle, excessive regenerative braking for recuperation of the maximum braking energy can cause under-steer problem. This is due to the fact that the resultant lateral force on front tire saturates and starts to decrease. Therefore, cost function with constraints is newly defined to determine optimum distribution of brake torques including the regenerative brake torque for improving the braking energy recovery as well as the vehicle lateral stability. This cost function includes trade-off relation of two objectives. The physical meaning of first objective of cost function is to maximize the regenerative brake torque for improving the fuel economy and that of second objective is to increase the mechanical-friction brake torques at rear wheels rather than regenerative brake torque at front wheels for preventing front tire saturation. And weighting factor in cost function is also proposed as a function of under-steer index representing current state of the vehicle lateral motion in order to generalize the constrained optimization problem including both normal and severe cornering situation. For example, as the vehicle approaches its handling limits, adaptation of weighting factor is possible to prioritize front tire saturation over increasing the recuperation of braking energy for driver safety and vehicle lateral stability. Finally, computer simulation of closed loop driver-vehicle system based on Carsim? performed to verify the effectiveness of adaptation method in proposed controller and the vehicle performance of the proposed controller in comparison with the conventional controller for only considering the vehicle lateral stability. Simulation results indicate that the proposed controller improved the performance of braking energy recovery as well as guaranteed the vehicle lateral stability similar to the conventional controller.     

Development of an electric booster system using sliding mode control for improved braking performance

Brake systems of the future, including BBW (Brake-by-Wire), are in development in various forms. In one of the proposed hydraulic BBW systems, an electric booster system replaces the pneumatic brake booster with an electric motor and a rotational-to-linear motion mechanism. This system is able to provide improved braking performance by the design of controllers with precise target pressure tracking and control robustness for better system reliability. First, a sliding mode controller is designed using the Lyapunov function approach to secure the robustness of the system against both the model uncertainty and the disturbance caused by the master cylinder and mechanical components. Next, a simulation tool is constructed to validate the electric booster system with the proposed controller. Finally, the electric booster system is implemented into an actual brake ECU and installed in a vehicle for testing under various braking conditions. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed controller produces faster pressure build-up performance than the conventional brake system, and its tracking performance is sufficient to ensure comfortable braking.