Steady sailing performance of a hybrid-sail assisted bulk carrier

The steady sailing performance of a sail-assisted bulk carrier is investigated utilising towing-tank derived hydrodynamic derivatives and wind tunnel measured aerodynamic properties of the sails and the ship. The aerodynamic characteristics investigated include the ship hull at the fully-loaded draught, the sail–sail interaction effects for two sets of four identical hybrid-sails, and the sail–hull interaction effects for the same two sets of identical sails in the presence of the selected bulk carrier hull-form. This is in addition to lift–drag measurements of single isolated sails of each shape. The form of the two sets of soft sails was rectangular and triangular. This paper is concerned with assessing the benefits of a sail-assisted ship operation, and hence a steady-state rather than complete time-domain integrations of the governing equations are reported. The results of the completed analysis suggest that the benefits of the derived sail generated driving force are greater than the overhead of equipping the ship with a selected system of hybrid-sails. Sail-assisted ships could represent an important contribution to an improving global environment by reducing the demands for a driving force through the propeller.     

Sail–sail and sail–hull interaction effects of hybrid-sail assisted bulk carrier

In a previously reported study, wind tunnel experiments were undertaken to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of hybrid-sails in isolation. Such sails are seen as providing a worthwhile reduction in the delivered power to the propeller and hence the engine generated thrust, with a corresponding reduction in the CO₂ production of diesel engine exhaust. In this paper, wind tunnel testing is used to investigate sail–sail interaction effects for two sets of four identical hybrid-sails, and the sail–hull interaction effects for the same two sets of four identical sails in the presence of a bulk carrier hullform. The analysis presented suggests that to build a sail-assisted ship requires an appreciation of the sail–sail and sail–hull interaction effects.     

Hydro- and aerodynamic analysis for the design of a sailing yacht

The results of the design analysis for a sailing yacht’s hull and sails are reported. The results were used to confirm the design of a 30 ft long sloop, which was planned, designed, and built in Korea for the first time in history. Flows around a sailing yacht above and under the free surface were analyzed separately using both computational and experimental methods. For the underwater flow analysis, turbulent flow simulations with and without free surface wave effects were carried out for the canoe hull with keel/rudder. The computed drag and side forces on the hull model were compared with the measurement data obtained from the towing tank experiments. In order to assess the sail performance, another set of computations was carried out for the flow around a sail system composed of main and jib sails with a mast. The present study demonstrates that, for the design analysis of a sailing yacht, computational fluid dynamics techniques can be utilized with a reasonable level of confidence.     

风帆辅助推进船舶操纵可控区研究

加装风帆后的船舶在低速时的航行特性有别于无帆情形。为确保低速航行安全,基于MMG非线性运动方程,计算了有、无风帆情况下的船舶操纵可控区。运动方程中的船体水动力系数、舵模块参数等由经验公式得到,帆/船整体气动力系数由基于滑移网格方法的CFD手段获得。计算结果表明:不同帆攻角下的船舶自由操控区不同,通过合理的帆/舵联合操纵,可以扩大风帆辅助推进船舶低速航行的可自由操控区,增强其在风中的抗风能力。     

Modelling multiple yacht sailing interactions between upwind sailing yachts

An approach for enhancing the realism of yacht fleet race simulations based on a lifting line method is developed. The wake of an upwind sailing yacht is represented as a single heeled horseshoe vortex and image system. At each time step, changes in vortex strength are convected into the wake as a pair of vortex line elements. These subsequently move in accordance with the local wind, the self-induced velocity and the velocity induced by the presence of the wakes of other yachts. In addition, the lifting line model has a model for the viscous wake due to the drag associated with the yacht and its sails superimposed on it. A synthesis of sail yacht wake representations based on detailed 3D Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computational fluid dynamics calculations with wind tunnel test results is used to capture the initial strength of the combined main-jib vortex system and its vertical height. The implementation of the lifting line algorithm within Robo-Race, a real-time yacht race strategy analysis tool, is described. Two upwind race interaction case studies are presented, and these show that the newly implemented wake model makes an important contribution to enhancing the realism of the sailing simulation.     

海面梯度风下一种翼型风帆的数值计算

引入一种近海面梯度风场的计算方法,通过Spalart—Allmaras湍流模型求解三维不可压流体的N—S方程,计算近海面风场实际分布下一种翼型风帆的气动表现。比较了定值风速气动特性与梯度风表观气动特性的升阻比,同时讨论了在所述条件下,应用定值风速气动特性分析海面实际风场下风帆表现引起的误差。     

Application of CFD simulation to the design of sails

A finite-volume method was applied to a simulation of the flow about the sail system of IACC sailing boats. The interface boundary technique was employed to generate a proper grid system for the two-sails system, which is composed of head and main sails. The turbulence model was carefully chosen by numerical test, and the most reliable simulation method was completed and used to design the sails. The suitability of the method is demonstrated by some examples of design applications. Received for publication on March 14, 2000; accepted on March 16, 2000     

流激围壳结构的低频噪声数值模拟研究

围壳结构是最重要的突出结构,其噪声水平关乎水下航行器的使用效果。本文通过有限元结合边界元数值计算的方法,对多种围壳结构不同条件下的典型流激围壳辐射噪声进行理论数值仿真研究,研究结果表明,不同航速和不同结构下的流激围壳辐射噪声特性存在一定差异,为围壳结构的线型设计及实际操纵提供重要的理论依据,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

上风向与下风向风机气动力性能数值计算分析（英文）

Although the upwind configuration is more popular in the field of wind energy, the downwind one is a promising type for the offshore wind energy due to its special advantages. Different configurations have different aerodynamic performance and it is important to predict the performance of both downwind and upwind configurations accurately for designing and developing more reliable wind turbines. In this paper, a numerical investigation on the aerodynamic performance of National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL) phase VI wind turbine in downwind and upwind configurations is presented. The open source toolbox Open FOAM coupled with arbitrary mesh interface(AMI) method is applied to tackle rotating problems of wind turbines. Two 3D numerical models of NREL phase VI wind turbine with downwind and upwind configurations under four typical working conditions of incoming wind velocities are set up for the study of different unsteady characteristics of the downwind and upwind configurations, respectively. Numerical results of wake vortex structure, time histories of thrust, pressure distribution on the blade and limiting streamlines which can be used to identify points of separation in a 3D flow are presented. It can be concluded that thrust reduction due to blade-tower interaction is small for upwind wind turbines but relatively large for downwind wind turbines and attention should be paid to the vibration at a certain frequency induced by the cyclic reduction for both configurations. The results and conclusions are helpful to analyze the different aerodynamic performance of wind turbines between downwind and upwind configurations, providing useful references for practical design of wind turbine.     

Sail optimization for upwind sailing: application in a Tornado, the Olympic class catamaran

A study of a boat's motion is carried out in order to analyze the aerodynamic properties of the optimal sail for obtaining the maximum velocity when sailing to windward. The mechanics study shows the optimal C _L and C _D for a given sail and how the shape of the aerodynamic polar of the sail should be. A parametrical analysis of the aerodynamics of a sail is then carried out varying the maximum camber, position of the maximum camber in the chord direction and position of the maximum camber in the mast direction. The parametric analysis is done numerically with a vortex lattice method (VLM) and experimentally in a wind tunnel. The results show that the influence of the relevant parameters studied can be reduced to the variation of two parameters, A and B, defining the polar of the sail, C _D = B + A ² C _L ²; and the influence of parameters A and B on the maximum VMG obtainable are calculated.     

低攻角下二维软帆空气动力特性数值模拟

针对软帆形状随帆面上下压力分布改变而改变的特点,基于涡层分布面元法原理,总结前人研究经验,提出一种可靠的数值模拟方法,编制计算程序,对低攻角情况下二维弓型薄翼软帆在不可压缩、理想流体中的空气动力特性进行数值模拟,结果表明:该方法在低攻角下的模拟结果与试验值吻合良好.这一结果对于进一步开展软帆空气动力特性的数值预报和理论分析研究具有重要参考价值.     

三体两栖潮间带风电运维船的概念设计

针对三体船性能特点和我国海上潮间带风电场涨潮有水、退潮无水的特殊情况,以及目前尚无出入潮间带风电场专用设备的现状,为了保证海上潮间带风电场风电机组正常运行和维护工作的实施,进行三体两栖运维船方案构思和两栖船的水陆驱动方式的确定。运用CFD软件建立三维数值水池,考虑不同侧体布局的船型方案,通过对快速性能和耐波性能的仿真计算,最终确定性能较优的船型。对三体风电维护船的船型设计和风电运营效率的提高有较大的现实意义。     

潜艇围壳舵和首舵水动力性能比较

安装在潜艇上的首部水平舵位置对于潜艇在垂直方向的稳定性以及操纵性具有重大意义.本文首先通过Fluent 14.0计算Suboff模型的阻力以及DTMB舵型的升、阻力,仿真结果与实验结果吻合较好.然后计算带围壳舵Suboff潜艇和带首舵Suboff潜艇的阻力、升力特性,并比较了潜艇带首舵和围壳舵的升阻力特性差异,以及对艇体表面压力分布和尾部流场的影响.计算结果显示,相同舵角下,围壳舵和首舵阻力相差不大,围壳舵升力比首舵升力大.相同舵角下,潜艇总阻力相差不大,带首舵潜艇总升力、总力矩比带围壳舵潜艇总升力、总力矩大.围壳舵舵角的变化对艇体表面的压力变化影响相对首舵来说较小.围壳舵和首舵在较大舵角下,都会对尾水平舵产生显著影响.     

风机塔架与叶片相互作用的数值模拟(英文)

Numerical simulations of wind turbine blade-tower interaction by using the open source OpenFOAM tools coupled with arbitrary mesh interface(AMI) method were presented.The governing equations were the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) which were solved by the pimpleDyMFoam solver,and the AMI method was employed to handle mesh movements.The National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL) phase VI wind turbine in upwind configuration was selected for numerical tests with different incoming wind speeds(5,10,15,and 25 m/s) at a fixed blade pitch and constant rotational speed.Detailed numerical results of vortex structure,time histories of thrust,and pressure distribution on the blade and tower were presented.The findings show that the wind turbine tower has little effect on the whole aerodynamic performance of an upwind wind turbine,while the rotating rotor will induce an obvious cyclic drop in the front pressure of the tower.Also,strong interaction of blade tip vortices with separation from the tower was observed.     

无人帆船循迹航行的控制研究

提出一种适用于无人帆船循迹航行的控制器,并应用于一条1.5m长风帆艇的湖上航行测试。该控制器包含三个独立模块,局部路径策略模块决定帆艇的转向过程;帆自动控制模块根据帆位角和相对风向角的对应关系获取最佳推进力;舵自动控制模块基于从航海经验中提炼的245条模糊控制规则实现航迹调整。1.5m帆艇的湖上测试结果表明,该控制器在多种风场条件下都可有效完成帆艇的循迹航行,具有在无人帆船上实现长程航行的应用前景。     

Finite-volume simulation method to predict the performance of a sailing boat

 A flow-simulation method was developed to predict the performance of a sailing boat in unsteady motion on a free surface. The method is based on the time-marching, finite-volume method and the moving grid technique, including consideration of the free surface and the deformation of the under-water shape of the boat due to its arbitrary motion. The equation of motion with six degrees of freedom is solved by the use of the fluid-dynamic forces and moments obtained from the flow simulation. The sailing conditions of the boat are virtually realized by combining the simulations of water-flow and the motion of the boat. The availability is demonstrated by calculations of the steady advancing, rolling, and maneuvering motions of International America's Cup Class (IACC) sailing boats. Received: December 25, 2001 / Accepted: March 26, 2002     

水下航行器近海底铺缆运动仿真研究

使用水下航行器进行铺缆较水面船铺缆有众多优势。为了快速有效地完成铺缆任务,该文对水下航行器近海底铺缆运动进行了仿真研究,分析了放缆速度、相对海流速度和航行高度等参数对铺缆运动的影响。在此基础上,为一台载人潜水试验艇拟定了近海底铺缆试验方案,并成功完成了试验任务。     

基于CFD的风帆助航技术效能分析

在模型试验的基础上,运用计算流体力学(CFD)方法,分析了基于机翼理论的风翼帆船利用风能辅助推进的特性.在仿真软件Fluent的仿真计算的基础上,当采用风帆助航技术时,对风帆产生的推力及由此引起船舶阻力变化进行了分析,从而对风帆助航技术的效能进行评估与分析,得出了远洋船舶利用清洁能源(风能)在经济性与环保性方面的可行性.并提出风帆助航技术应用于大型远洋船舶后续需要解决的问题.     

带阻流板和水平翼的高速深V复合艇新构型研究

高性能复合艇通常比常规高性能艇具有更好的航行性能,本文以某高速深V型快艇为研究对象,采用阻流板和水平翼组合附体的方式对该深V复合艇进行CFD水动力性能数值模拟,对过渡状态及滑行状态下该复合快艇的阻力性能以及航行姿态进行评估,结合自由面兴波以及艇体表面压力分布情况,最终获得了一型深V复合艇构型设计方案,该复合艇运动姿态得到大幅改善,过渡状态下模型总阻力值较原型减少18.97%。     

潜艇指挥室围壳顶部型线构型

采用求解RANS方程的数值计算方法,运用计算流体力学数值计算手段,对不同的指挥室围壳顶部外型进行阻力、流场、压力分布数值模拟及数值优化分析,并验证了数值计算方法的可靠性。