考虑氯化钠中毒影响的PEMFC电化学性能仿真

氯化钠中毒对质子交换膜燃料电池(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell ,PEMFC)电化学性能有重要影响。通过量纲分析方法修正电化学模型并利用COMSOL Multiphysics平台量化分析氯化钠浓度对质子交换膜燃料电池性能影响,最后验证了修正电化学模型的准确性。结果表明：随着阴极空气中氯化钠浓度增大,电池电化学性能降低。低电流密度时,氯化钠浓度变化对质子交换膜燃料电池极化曲线、功率密度曲线几乎无影响;中、高电流密度时,电池输出电压、最大输出功率随氯化钠浓度增加而降低。当氯化钠浓度达到 8×10^-5mg·cm^-3,膜最大、最小电流密度分别下降30.83%、25.23%,最大输出功率密度下降50.00%。 关键词：质子交换膜燃料电池;氯化钠中毒;电池性能;数值仿真     

船舶SOFC燃料电池与汽轮机联合动力装置能效分析(英文)

Strong restrictions on emissions from marine power plants(particularly SOx,NOx)will probably be adopted in the near future.In this paper,a combined solid oxide fuel cell(SOFC)and steam turbine fuelled by natural gas is proposed as an attractive option to limit the environmental impact of the marine sector.The analyzed variant of the combined cycle includes a SOFC operated with natural gas fuel and a steam turbine with a single-pressure waste heat boiler.The calculations were performed for two types of tubular and planar SOFCs,each with an output power of 18 MW.This paper includes a detailed energy analysis of the combined system.Mass and energy balances are performed not only for the whole plant but also for each component in order to evaluate the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.In addition,the effects of using natural gas as a fuel on the fuel cell voltage and performance are investigated.It has been found that a high overall efficiency approaching 60%may be achieved with an optimum configuration using the SOFC system.The hybrid system would also reduce emissions,fuel consumption,and improve the total system efficiency.     

Overview of past, present and future marine power plants

In efforts to overcome an foreseeable energy crisis predicated on limited oil and gas supplies, reserves; economic variations facing the world, and of course the environmental side effects of fossil fuels, an urgent need for energy sources that provide sustainable, safe and economic supplies for the world is imperative. The current fossil fuel energy system must be improved to ensure a better and cleaner transportation future for the world. Despite the fact that the marine transportation sector consumes only 5% of global petroleum production; it is responsible for 15% of the world NO _x and SO _x emissions. These figures must be the engine that powers the scientific research worldwide to develop new solutions for a very old energy problem. In this paper, the most effective types of marine power plants were discussed. The history of the development of each type was presented first and the technical aspects were discussed second. Also, the fuel cells as a new type of power plants used in marine sector were briefed to give a complete overview of the past, present and future of the marine power plants development. Based on the increased worldwide concerns regarding harmful emissions, many researchers have introduced solutions to this problem, including the adoption of new cleaner fuels. This paper was guided using the same trend and by implementing the hydrogen as fuel for marine internal combustion engine, gas turbines, and fuel cells.     

Enhancement of diesel particulate matter collection in an electrostatic water-spraying scrubber

Marine diesel engines are major sources of air pollution. They emit a large amount of pollutants, including diesel particulate matter (DPM), carbon oxide (CO _x ), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxide (NO _x ), sulfur oxide (SO _x ), and other products of combustion. Among these, DPM may cause respiratory and mutagenic diseases in humans, including lung and bladder cancer (see Donaldson et al. J Aerosol Sci 29:553–560, 1998). In this study, experiments were performed with an electrostatic water-spraying scrubber (EWSS) to evaluate its effectiveness for the collection of mass- and number-based DPM emissions from a marine diesel engine. The results show that the collection efficiency of the scrubber increases as the engine load increases due to an increase in the large DPM concentration and an increase in the amount of DPM collected by the charged droplets. The effect of water spraying performance on DPM collection at constant engine load was investigated experimentally. The strength of the electrical attraction between the charged water droplets and the charged DPM within the scrubber led to a significant increase in total DPM collection efficiency (up to 4–7 times). In addition, the total DPM collection efficiency was found to be directly related to the corona power, the electrical properties of water, water spraying performance and engine load. The EWSS appears to be a promising alternative method for controlling mass-based as well as number-based DPM emissions.     

Hydrodynamic performance of multiple-row slotted breakwaters

This study examines the hydrodynamic performance of multiple-row vertical slotted breakwaters. We developed a mathematical model based on an eigenfunction expansion method and a least squares technique for Stokes second-order waves. The numerical results obtained for limiting cases of double-row and triple-row walls are in good agreement with results of previous studies and experimental results. Comparisons with experimental measurements of the reflection, transmission, and dissipation coefficients (C _R , C _T , and C _E ) for double-row walls show that the proposed mathematical model adequately reproduces most of the important features. We found that for double-row walls, the C _R increases with increasing wave number, kd, and with a decreasing permeable wall part, dm. The C _T follows the opposite trend. The C _E slowly increases with an increasing kd for lower kd values, reaches a maximum, and then decreases again. In addition, an increasing porosity of dm would significantly decrease the C _R , while increasing the C _T . At lower values of kd, a decreasing porosity increases the C _E , but for high values of kd, a decreasing porosity reduces the C _E . The numerical results indicate that, for triple-row walls, the effect of the arrangement of the chamber widths on hydrodynamic characteristics is not significant, except when kd<0.5. Double-row slotted breakwaters may exhibit a good wave-absorbing performance at kd>0.5, where by the horizontal wave force may be smaller than that of a single wall. On the other hand, the difference between double-row and triple-row vertical slotted breakwaters is marginal.     

Experimental study on reflection coefficient of curved perforated plate

A set of experiments is carried out in a towing tank to study the effects of the curvature of perforated plates on the wave reflection coefficient (C _r ). The curvature of a perforated plate can be changed by rotating a reference perforated plate aboutits origin according to the parabolic equation y=?x ². A plunger-type wave maker is used to generate regular waves. The reflection coefficients are calculated using Goda and Suzuki’s (1976) method. The results are compared with those of vertical or sloped passive wave absorbers. The comparison shows that a perforated plate with a curved profile is highly efficient in terms of reducing the wave reflection coefficient. A correlation is established to estimate the reflection coefficient of curved perforated plates as a function of both flow and geometry characteristics.     

Numerical analysis of surface piercing propeller in unsteady conditions and cupped effect on ventilation pattern of blade cross-section

The aim of this study is to calculate hydrodynamic performance and ventilation flow around wedge, 2D blade and 3D surface piercing propeller (SPP), using computational fluid dynamic based on Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes method. First, numerical analyses for two-phase fluid flow around the wedge and 2D blade section (cupped and non-cupped) are presented. Flow ventilation, pressure distribution and forces are determined and compared with experimental data. Then, the method is extended to predict the hydrodynamic performance of propeller SPP-841B. The propeller exhibits a cupped blade. In the simulated configuration, SPP is one-third submerged (I = h/D = 0.33) and is working at various loadings with full ventilation occurring at low advance coefficient (J). The open water performance, pressure distribution, forces/moments and ventilation pattern on the SPP-841B model are obtained and compared with experimental data. The numerical results are in good agreement with experimental measurements, especially at high advance coefficient.     

Spectral Wave Modeling in Very Shallow Water at Southern Coast of Caspian Sea

This study evaluates the capability of the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model (version 41.01) in predicting significant wave height and spectral peak energy content for swell waves in very shallow water of surf zone during depth-induced wave breaking and dissipation. The model results were compared with field measurements at five nearshore stations. The results demonstrated that some breaker index formulations were successful for significant wave height prediction in surf zones. However, an incorrect shape of the energy spectrum and overestimated near spectral peak energy content at shallow water stations were obtained using all of the embedded depth-induced wave breaking formulations in SWAN. The dependent breaker index on relative depth (K_pd) formulation, which was successful in predicting near spectral peak energy content, resulted in an average error of 30%. Finally, this formulation was modified to enhance the model performance in reproducing the spectral peak energy content.     

Resistance analysis of a semi-SWATH design concept in shallow water

Resistance analysis is an important analytical method used to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of High Speed Craft (HSC). Analysis of multihull resistance in shallow water is essential to the performance evaluation of any type of HSC. Ships operating in shallow water experience increases in resistance because of changes in pressure distribution and wave pattern. In this paper, the shallow water performance of an HSC design concept, the semi-Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (semi-SWATH) form, is studied. The hull is installed with fin stabilizers to reduce dynamic motion effects, and the resistance components of the hull, hull trim condition, and maximum wave amplitude around the hull are determined via calm water resistance tests in shallow water. These criteria are important in analyzing semi-SWATH resistance in shallow water and its relation to flow around hull. The fore fin angle is fixed to zero degrees, while the aft fin angle is varied to 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°. For each configuration, investigations are conducted with depth Froude numbers (Fr _H ) ranging from 0.65 to 1.2, and the resistance tests are performed in shallow water at the towing tank of UTM. Analysis results indicate that the resistance, wave pattern, and trim of the semi-SWATH hull form are affected by the fin angle. The resistance is amplified whereas the trim and sinkage are reduced as the fin angle increases. Increases in fin angle contribute to seakeeping and stability but affect the hull resistance of HSCs.     

船舶燃料电池与蓄电池混合系统的输出性能

文章建立了质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)和蓄电池混合发电系统的简化电路模型,针对船舶设备的脉动输出特性,理论地分析了混合发电系统的输出性能。分析结果表明：PEMFC与蓄电池组成的混合发电系统的输出峰值功率得到了一定程度的提高;且提高的倍数与脉动负载的占空比、脉动负载的频率、燃料电池的等效内阻、蓄电池的等效内阻有着密切的联系。     

运行参数对双燃料船用柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响

为研究运行参数对天然气-柴油双燃料船用发动机燃烧和排放的影响,运用AVL_FIRE仿真软件基于4190Z_LC-2型船用中速柴油机,构建燃烧室高压循环模型。通过将仿真数据和台架试验得到的缸压曲线进行对比,验证模型的准确性。采用模型仿真,研究运行参数对燃烧和排放性能的影响。结果表明:天然气替代率可以明显改善NO的排放,过高的替代率会降低指示功率,损失部分动力性;提高进气温度可改善燃烧质量,合适的进气温度可以改善动力性和经济性;提高进气压力有增压效果,适当提高进气压力可获得较好的动力性和排放性;喷油提前角的增大,会延长滞燃期,缩短后燃期,而合适的喷油提前角可以避免工作粗暴,改善柴油机动力性。     

Incremental costs for reduction of air pollution from ships: a case study on North European emission control area

In addition to sulphur oxides control, the North and the Baltic Seas have recently been designated as nitrogen oxides control area. Amidst ongoing developments in energy markets and international trade, shipowners have to develop cost-efficient strategies to comply with the new regulation. This study creates and tests a model calculating the incremental costs of abating NO_x and SO_x emissions under MARPOL Annex VI regulations for the following methods: SCR, HAM and internal engine modifications, marine gas oil, wet scrubbers, and liquefied natural gas propulsion. The model is tested empirically on a broad sample of 244 ships from the Swedish Commercial Fleet database for different operating contexts and fuel prices. Individual ship emission reductions and incremental abatement costs are calculated and the results are presented for the entire studied sample and per ship type class.

The study also explores the sensitivity of the chosen abatement methods to cost determinants and to main engine time operation under the light of economic performance and cost-efficiency. The results of the study aim to contribute to company abatement strategy.     

Effect of pH on mechanical,physical and tribological properties of electroless Ni-P-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> composite deposits for marine applications

Successful co-deposition of fine particulate matter within an Electroless Nickel-Phosphorous (ENi-P) matrix is dependent on various factors like bath composition, particle compatibility with metallic matrix, bath reactivity (pH), particle size and their distribution. ENi-P deposits incorporating Al₂O₃/Alumina in a disperse phase have varied effects on properties and attributes like surface roughness (Ra), microhardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and surface morphology of the deposits obtained. This paper experimentally investigates the effect of alumina (1.55 g/L) on Ra, microhardness, surface morphology, deposition rate, wettability, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of ENi-P-Al₂O₃ composite deposits on mild steel substrates at bath pH 5, 7 and 9. Study reveals that optimum deposit parameters and deposition rates are achieved with bath pH. However, not much study has been undertaken concerning composite deposits obtained from higher bath pH or basic bath. This is attributable to the fact that at higher bath pH or alkaline baths, the bath gets unstable and eventually degrades or decomposes, thereby resulting in sub optimal or poor deposition. Hence, experimental investigations carried out by preparing suitable baths, operating under optimum conditions, and enabling successful composite deposition in acidic and alkaline baths have revealed that there is a significant improvement in the above mentioned properties of the as-deposited composite deposits, as the pH is increased from pH 5 to pH 9. This aspect can therefore be advantageously utilized for preparing various marine components like fasteners, nuts, bolts, washers, pipes, cables, components having relative motion etc.     

质子交换膜燃料电池在军事上的应用

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)具有高能量转换效率、低温快速启动、低热辐射和低排放、运行噪声低和适应不同功率要求,能很好应用在军事设备上.国外对PEMFC用于陆地军事设备研究主要有三个方向:单兵作战动力电源(＜100 W)、移动电站(100 W-500 W)和军车动力驱动电源(500 W-10 kW);海军军事设备上应用分为海面舰艇辅助动力源、水下无人驾驶机器人电源和潜艇的驱动电源;空中军事应用主要用于无人驾驶飞机.最后认为随着PEMFC技术发展完善能广泛用于军事系统或装备.     

基于O3H2O2处理船舶压载水过程中形成溴酸盐的研究

船舶压载水异地排放是造成外来生物入侵的主要途径之一,为此需对船舶压载水进行处理,但在杀灭有害生物的同时也产生了致癌性有毒化学副产物。本研究主要研究O₃/H₂O₂处理船舶压载水过程中溴酸盐的生成,并考察了温度、pH、溴离子浓度、H₂O₂/O₃摩尔比对其生成过程的影响。结果表明,溴酸盐含量随温度升高而降低,随溴离子含量的增加而升高,随pH增加而增加,H₂O₂/O₃摩尔比存在一个最佳范围(0.5~1)。从工程实际出发,建议处理后的船舶压载水采用中和处理手段以降低对海洋环境的负面影响。     

Research on the impact of CeO2-based solid solution metal oxide on combustion performance of diesel engine and emissions

This paper mainly studies on the performance of high-speed diesel engines and emission reduction when the engine uses heavy oil mixed with nanometer-sized additives Ce0.9 Cu0.1 O2 and Ce0.9 Zr0.1 O2.During the test,Indiset 620 combustion analyzer made by AVL,was used to make a real-time survey on the cylinder pressure,the fuel ignition moment,and establish a relation between the change trend of temperature in cylinder and the crank angle.For the engine burning heavy oil and heavy oil mixed with additives,combustion analysis software Indicom and Concerto were used to analyze its combustion process and emission conditions.Experimental investigation shows that nano-sized complex oxide can improve the performance of diesel engine fueled with heavy oil,and reduce the emission of pollutants like NOx and CO,comparing it with the pure heavy oil.According to the consequences of this experiment,the additives improve the overall performance in the use of heavy oil.     

Added resistance acting on hull of a non ballast water ship

In this paper, added resistances acting on a hull of non ballast water ship(NBS) in high waves is discussed. The non ballast water ships were developed at the laboratory of the authors at Osaka Prefecture University, Japan. In the present paper, the performances of three kinds of bow shapes developed for the NBS were theoretically and experimentally investigated to find the best one in high waves. In previous papers, an optimum bow shape for the NBS was developed in calm water and in moderated waves. For a 2 m model for experiments and computations, the wave height is 0.02 m. This means that the wave height is 15% of the draft of the ship in full load conditions. In this paper, added resistances in high waves up to 0.07 m for a 2 m model or 53% of the full load draft are investigated. In such high waves linear wave theories which have been used in the design stage of a ship for a long time may not work well anymore, and experiments are the only effective tool to predict the added resistance in high waves. With the computations for waves, the ship is in a fully captured condition because shorter waves, λ/Lpp0.6, are assumed.     

质子交换膜燃料电池动态响应特性的研究影响

本文针对质子交换膜燃料电池（PEMFC）动态响应特性做了一系列研究实验,结果证明,PEMFC动态响应与电池负载类型、负载的加载方式有密切联系,同样的阶跃电流下,PEMFC加载纯阻性负载比加载纯感性负载响应时间更短,低调更低。同样的操作条件下,相对固定电流取电,固定电压的取电方式不会带来低调电压。     

The interaction of oblique flexural gravity waves with a small bottom deformation on a porous ocean-bed: Green’s function approach

The interaction of oblique incident water waves with a small bottom deformation on a porous ocean-bed is examined analytically here within the framework of linear water wave theory. The upper surface of the ocean is assumed to be covered by an infinitely extended thin uniform elastic plate, while the lower surface is bounded by a porous bottom surface having a small deformation. By employing a simplified perturbation analysis, involving a small parameter δ(=1), which measures the smallness of the deformation, the governing Boundary Value Problem (BVP) is reduced to a simpler BVP for the first-order correction of the potential function. This BVP is solved using a method based on Green’s integral theorem with the introduction of suitable Green’s function to obtain the first-order potential, and this potential function is then utilized to calculate the first-order reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the shape function c(x) representing the bottom deformation. Consideration of a patch of sinusoidal ripples shows that when the quotient of twice the component of the incident field wave number propagating just below the elastic plate and the ripple wave number approaches one, the theory predicts a resonant interaction between the bed and the surface below the elastic plate. Again, for small angles of incidence, the reflected wave energy is more as compared to the other angles of incidence. It is also observed that the reflected wave energy is somewhat sensitive to the changes in the flexural rigidity of the elastic plate, the porosity of the bed and the ripple wave numbers. The main advantage of the present study is that the results for the values of reflection and transmission coefficients obtained are found to satisfy the energy-balance relation almost accurately.     

多功能深水环保船建造检验要点综述

作为海上环境保护的专用船舶,深水环保船具有海面溢油回收、应急指挥、油污消除及对外消防等作业能力,主要用于我国深水海域石油勘探开采过程中测试井液/污油水的接收与返送。文章针对深水环保船新型设计,着重介绍船舶性能、动力定位、溢油回收等三大特点。此船舶是国内现有航速最快、主尺度最大、功能最先进、装备最齐全、载运能力最大及回收能力最强的多功能专用船舶,即将服役于东海与南海深水海域。